{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155413980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","title":"Parallel-SFT: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-Programming-Language Transfer for Code RL","display_name":"Parallel-SFT: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-Programming-Language Transfer for Code RL","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155413980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134458325","display_name":"Zhaofeng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Zhaofeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134373481","display_name":"Shiqi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Shiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109502037","display_name":"Boya Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng, Boya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113213603","display_name":"Anuj Goyal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goyal, Anuj","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024510591","display_name":"Melanie Kambadur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kambadur, Melanie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134408355","display_name":"Sebastian Ruder","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruder, Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134391289","display_name":"Yoon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109758420","display_name":"Chloe Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bi, Chloe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.15119999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.15119999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.0997999981045723,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.49889999628067017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7975999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5353506207466125,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"demonstrate":[3,133],"impressive":[4],"coding":[5],"capabilities":[6],"in":[7,20,44,75,124],"common":[8],"programming":[9,34],"languages":[10],"(PLs),":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"C++":[14],"and":[15,82],"Python,":[16],"but":[17],"their":[18],"performance":[19,87],"lower-resource":[21],"PLs":[22,126,174],"is":[23],"often":[24],"limited":[25],"by":[26],"training":[27,71],"data":[28,130],"availability.":[29],"In":[30,51],"principle,":[31],"however,":[32],"most":[33],"skills":[35],"are":[36,175],"universal":[37],"across":[38,173],"PLs,":[39],"so":[40],"the":[41,56,86,129,156,185],"capability":[42],"acquired":[43],"one":[45],"PL":[46,78],"should":[47],"transfer":[48,61,100],"to":[49,80,151,164,182,184],"others.":[50],"this":[52,135],"work,":[53],"we":[54,95,139,147,180],"propose":[55,110],"task":[57],"of":[58,155],"zero-shot":[59],"cross-programming-language":[60],"for":[62,68,72],"code":[63,73,122],"RL.":[64,107],"We":[65,108,132],"find":[66],"that,":[67],"Llama-3.1,":[69],"RL":[70,99,142],"generation":[74],"a":[76,102,165],"source":[77],"fails":[79],"improve,":[81],"sometimes":[83],"even":[84],"degrades,":[85],"on":[88,143],"other":[89],"target":[90],"PLs.":[91,153],"To":[92],"address":[93],"this,":[94],"hypothesize":[96,181],"that":[97,115,134,161],"effective":[98],"requires":[101],"generalizable":[103],"SFT":[104,113],"initialization":[105],"before":[106],"thus":[109],"**Parallel-SFT**,":[111],"an":[112],"strategy":[114],"incorporates":[116],"\"parallel":[117],"programs\"":[118],"--":[119,127],"functionally":[120],"equivalent":[121,171],"implemented":[123],"multiple":[125],"into":[128],"mixture.":[131],"improves":[136],"transferability:":[137],"when":[138],"subsequently":[140],"perform":[141],"our":[144],"Parallel-SFT":[145,162],"model,":[146],"observe":[148],"better":[149],"generalization":[150],"unseen":[152],"Analysis":[154],"model":[157],"internal":[158],"representations":[159],"reveals":[160],"leads":[163],"more":[166,176],"functionality-centric":[167],"latent":[168],"space,":[169],"where":[170],"programs":[172],"tightly":[177],"clustered,":[178],"which":[179],"contribute":[183],"improved":[186],"transferability.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}