{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155377292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","title":"X-PCR: A Benchmark for Cross-modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Diagnosis","display_name":"X-PCR: A Benchmark for Cross-modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Diagnosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155377292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102723035","display_name":"Wang Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-7523"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134452193","display_name":"Zehao Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Zehao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134465232","display_name":"YongSong Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, YongSong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134377114","display_name":"Yudong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yudong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119793814","display_name":"Ende Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Ende","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047764004","display_name":"Wooi Ping Cheah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0829-2269"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheah, Wooi Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134417829","display_name":"Rong Qu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qu, Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134448807","display_name":"Jianfeng Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Jianfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134462131","display_name":"Linlin Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Linlin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102723035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.8489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.8489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.035999998450279236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.019999999552965164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-based-reasoning","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-system","display_name":"Reasoning system","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.20350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7993512749671936,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"significant":[1],"progress":[2],"in":[3,109],"Multi-modal":[4],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(MLLMs),":[8],"their":[9],"clinical":[10,33,71],"reasoning":[11,27,58,64,77,111],"capacity":[12],"for":[13,32],"multi-modal":[14],"diagnosis":[15],"remains":[16],"largely":[17],"unexamined.":[18],"Current":[19],"benchmarks,":[20],"mostly":[21],"single-modality":[22],"data,":[23],"can't":[24],"evaluate":[25],"progressive":[26,63,110],"and":[28,73,88,112,116],"cross-modal":[29,113],"integration":[30],"essential":[31],"practice.":[34],"We":[35],"introduce":[36],"the":[37,44],"Cross-Modality":[38],"Progressive":[39],"Clinical":[40],"Reasoning":[41],"(X-PCR)":[42],"benchmark,":[43],"first":[45],"comprehensive":[46],"evaluation":[47],"of":[48,103],"MLLMs":[49,105],"through":[50],"a":[51,61,75],"complete":[52],"ophthalmology":[53],"diagnostic":[54],"workflow,":[55],"with":[56],"two":[57],"tasks:":[59],"1)":[60],"six-stage":[62],"chain":[65],"spanning":[66],"image":[67],"quality":[68],"assessment":[69],"to":[70],"decision-making,":[72],"2)":[74],"cross-modality":[76],"task":[78],"integrating":[79],"six":[80],"imaging":[81],"modalities.":[82],"The":[83],"benchmark":[84],"comprises":[85],"26,415":[86],"images":[87],"177,868":[89],"expert-verified":[90],"VQA":[91],"pairs":[92],"curated":[93],"from":[94],"51":[95],"public":[96],"datasets,":[97],"covering":[98],"52":[99],"ophthalmic":[100],"diseases.":[101],"Evaluation":[102],"21":[104],"reveals":[106],"critical":[107],"gaps":[108],"integration.":[114],"Dataset":[115],"code:":[117],"https://github.com/CVI-SZU/X-PCR.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T06:07:52.864757","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}
