{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155188208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","title":"The \"Small World of Words\" German Free-Association Norms","display_name":"The \"Small World of Words\" German Free-Association Norms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155188208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3705954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-FBF0-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052995480","display_name":"Samuel Aeschbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-4901"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aeschbach, Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134267015","display_name":"Rui Mata","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mata, Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043709330","display_name":"Kaidi L\u00f5o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4536-5287"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00f5o, Kaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058212304","display_name":"Simon De Deyne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-6210"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De Deyne, Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006793496","display_name":"Dirk U. Wulff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-8022"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wulff, Dirk U.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.743399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.743399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.13979999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.9138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3366999924182892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.9138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3705954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-FBF0-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46716660261154175,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Free-association":[0],"norms":[1,19,46,98],"provide":[2,125],"essential":[3],"empirical":[4],"data":[5,70,85,88],"for":[6,21,37,47,140,160],"investigating":[7],"linguistic,":[8,161],"semantic,":[9],"and":[10,28,75,108,124,133,155,163],"cultural":[11],"phenomena":[12],"in":[13,102],"the":[14,55,59,69,82,146],"cognitive":[15],"sciences.":[16],"Although":[17],"large-scale":[18],"exist":[20],"languages":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,52],"English,":[25],"Dutch,":[26],"Spanish,":[27],"Mandarin":[29],"Chinese,":[30],"no":[31],"comparable":[32],"resource":[33,159],"has":[34],"been":[35],"available":[36],"German.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this":[41],"gap,":[42],"we":[43,94,113],"present":[44],"free-association":[45],"5,877":[48],"German":[49,56,122,150],"cue":[50],"words":[51],"part":[53],"of":[54,58,63,149],"version":[57],"multilingual":[60],"Small":[61],"World":[62],"Words":[64],"(SWOW)":[65],"project.":[66],"We":[67],"describe":[68],"collection":[71,148],"procedures,":[72],"participant":[73],"characteristics,":[74],"our":[76],"comprehensive":[77],"preprocessing":[78],"pipeline":[79],"before":[80],"introducing":[81],"resulting":[83],"SWOW-DE":[84,97,116,144],"set.":[86],"Using":[87],"from":[89],"three":[90],"established":[91],"psycholinguistic":[92,109],"paradigms,":[93],"show":[95],"that":[96,115],"robustly":[99],"predict":[100],"performance":[101],"lexical":[103],"decision":[104],"tasks,":[105],"relatedness":[106],"judgments,":[107],"word":[110],"ratings.":[111],"Furthermore,":[112],"demonstrate":[114],"responses":[117],"compare":[118],"favorably":[119],"with":[120],"existing":[121],"resources":[123],"a":[126,157],"preliminary":[127],"cross-linguistic":[128],"comparison":[129],"revealing":[130],"both":[131],"shared":[132],"language-specific":[134],"association":[135],"patterns,":[136],"highlighting":[137],"promising":[138],"directions":[139],"future":[141],"research.":[142,165],"Overall,":[143],"represents":[145],"largest":[147],"free":[151],"associations":[152],"to":[153],"date":[154],"offers":[156],"unique":[158],"psychological,":[162],"cross-cultural":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}