{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155191215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","title":"FedProxy: Federated Fine-Tuning of LLMs via Proxy SLMs and Heterogeneity-Aware Fusion","display_name":"FedProxy: Federated Fine-Tuning of LLMs via Proxy SLMs and Heterogeneity-Aware Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155191215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134298869","display_name":"Tao Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134276976","display_name":"Guoqiang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Guoqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077688051","display_name":"Yuanfeng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-9807"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Yuanfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134289770","display_name":"Lixin Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Lixin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664324","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-4615"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134221256","display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Qiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134298869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.24660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.24660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.12139999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilemma","display_name":"Trilemma","score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negotiation","display_name":"Negotiation","score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementarity","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","score":0.3411000072956085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.741599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780676692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073549","display_name":"Trilemma","level":3,"score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32587265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1182260","display_name":"Data deduplication","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.19015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"fine-tuning":[1],"of":[2,12],"Large":[3],"Language":[4,86],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"is":[7],"obstructed":[8],"by":[9,38],"a":[10,52,57,71,81,97,110,121,141,165],"trilemma":[11,108],"challenges:":[13],"protecting":[14],"LLMs":[15,36],"intellectual":[16],"property":[17],"(IP),":[18],"ensuring":[19],"client":[20],"privacy,":[21],"and":[22,136,160,170],"mitigating":[23],"performance":[24,54],"loss":[25],"on":[26],"heterogeneous":[27],"data.":[28],"Existing":[29],"methods":[30,159],"like":[31],"Offsite-Tuning":[32],"(OT)":[33],"secure":[34,169],"the":[35,91,107,151],"IP":[37],"having":[39],"clients":[40],"train":[41],"only":[42],"lightweight":[43],"adapters,":[44],"yet":[45],"our":[46],"analysis":[47],"reveals":[48],"they":[49],"suffer":[50],"from":[51,90],"fundamental":[53],"bottleneck,":[55],"leaving":[56],"significant":[58],"gap":[59],"compared":[60],"to":[61,94,119,132,145],"centralized":[62,162],"training.":[63],"To":[64],"bridge":[65],"this":[66],"gap,":[67],"we":[68],"introduce":[69],"FedProxy,":[70],"new":[72,166],"federated":[73,172],"adaptation":[74],"framework.":[75],"FedProxy":[76,155],"replaces":[77],"weak":[78],"adapters":[79],"with":[80],"unified,":[82],"powerful":[83],"Proxy":[84],"Small":[85],"Model":[87],"(SLM),":[88],"compressed":[89],"proprietary":[92],"LLM,":[93],"serve":[95],"as":[96],"high-fidelity":[98],"surrogate":[99],"for":[100,168],"collaborative":[101],"fine-tuning.":[102],"Our":[103],"framework":[104],"systematically":[105],"resolves":[106],"through":[109,127],"three-stage":[111],"architecture:":[112],"(i)":[113],"Efficient":[114],"Representation":[115],"via":[116,140],"server-guided":[117],"compression":[118],"create":[120],"resource-friendly":[122],"proxy;":[123],"(ii)":[124],"Robust":[125],"Optimization":[126],"an":[128],"interference-mitigating":[129],"aggregation":[130],"strategy":[131],"handle":[133],"data":[134],"heterogeneity;":[135],"(iii)":[137],"Effortless":[138],"Fusion":[139],"training-free":[142],"\"plug-in\"":[143],"mechanism":[144],"integrate":[146],"learned":[147],"knowledge":[148],"back":[149],"into":[150],"LLM.":[152],"Experiments":[153],"show":[154],"significantly":[156],"outperforms":[157],"OT":[158],"approaches":[161],"performance,":[163],"establishing":[164],"benchmark":[167],"high-performance":[171],"LLM":[173],"adaptation.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}