{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155103320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","title":"Fast and Forgettable: A Controlled Study of Novices' Performance, Learning, Workload, and Emotion in AI-Assisted and Human Pair Programming Paradigms","display_name":"Fast and Forgettable: A Controlled Study of Novices' Performance, Learning, Workload, and Emotion in AI-Assisted and Human Pair Programming Paradigms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155103320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093833542","display_name":"Nicholas Gardella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6912-7462"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gardella, Nicholas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065053503","display_name":"James Prather","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-6042"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prather, James","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134159518","display_name":"Juho Leinonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leinonen, Juho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125936252","display_name":"Paul Denny","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denny, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029706100","display_name":"Raymond Pettit","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pettit, Raymond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134097668","display_name":"Sara L. Riggs","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riggs, Sara L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.5568000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.5568000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.17980000376701355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6858000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6557000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pair-programming","display_name":"Pair programming","score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.3075999915599823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6858000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6557000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174063052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607013","display_name":"Pair programming","level":4,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174954385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206740","display_name":"Job performance","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.18538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.762566089630127,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code-generating":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"has":[3],"gained":[4],"popularity":[5],"within":[6],"both":[7],"professional":[8],"and":[9,20,57,64,70,108,128,147,156,176,197,218],"educational":[10,239],"programming":[11,51,82,92,134,236],"settings":[12],"over":[13],"the":[14,35,74,133,186,190,215,225],"past":[15],"several":[16,177],"years.":[17],"While":[18],"research":[19],"pedagogy":[21],"are":[22,31],"beginning":[23],"to":[24,33,59,62,123,201,243],"cope":[25],"with":[26,94,110,126,169,203],"this":[27,85],"change,":[28],"computing":[29],"students":[30,53],"left":[32],"bear":[34],"unforeseen":[36],"consequences":[37],"of":[38,43,106,140,145,154,179,189],"AI":[39,77,216,226],"amidst":[40],"a":[41,80,89,137,208,219],"dearth":[42],"empirical":[44],"evidence":[45],"about":[46],"its":[47],"effects.":[48],"Though":[49],"pair":[50,91,235],"between":[52],"is":[54],"well":[55,150],"studied":[56],"known":[58],"be":[60],"beneficial":[61],"self-efficacy":[63],"academic":[65],"achievement,":[66],"it":[67],"remains":[68],"underutilized":[69],"further":[71],"threatened":[72],"by":[73,120],"proposition":[75],"that":[76,164,230],"can":[78],"replace":[79],"human":[81,174,191],"partner.":[83],"In":[84],"paper,":[86],"we":[87],"present":[88],"controlled":[90],"study":[93],"22":[95],"participants":[96,165],"who":[97],"wrote":[98],"Python":[99],"code":[100],"under":[101],"time":[102],"pressure":[103],"in":[104,214,224,241],"teams":[105],"two":[107],"individually":[109,131],"GitHub":[111,170],"Copilot":[112,171],"for":[113],"20":[114],"minutes":[115],"each.":[116],"They":[117],"were":[118,129,160,182],"incentivized":[119],"bonus":[121],"compensation":[122],"balance":[124],"performance":[125,155,212,222],"understanding":[127],"retested":[130],"on":[132],"tasks":[135],"after":[136],"retention":[138],"interval":[139],"one":[141],"week.":[142],"Subjective":[143],"measures":[144,153],"workload":[146,181],"emotion":[148],"as":[149,151,199,237],"objective":[152],"learning":[157],"(retest":[158],"performance)":[159],"collected.":[161],"Results":[162],"showed":[163],"performed":[166],"significantly":[167,183,194],"better":[168],"than":[172],"their":[173,180],"teammate,":[175],"dimensions":[178],"reduced.":[184],"However,":[185],"emotional":[187],"effect":[188],"teammate":[192],"was":[193,207],"more":[195],"positive":[196],"arousing":[198],"compared":[200],"working":[202],"Copilot.":[204],"Furthermore,":[205],"there":[206],"nonsignificant":[209],"absolute":[210],"retest":[211,221],"reduction":[213],"condition":[217],"larger":[220],"decrement":[223],"condition.":[227],"We":[228],"recommend":[229],"educators":[231],"strongly":[232],"consider":[233],"revisiting":[234],"an":[238],"tool":[240],"addition":[242],"embracing":[244],"modern":[245],"AI.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00"}