{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155058126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","title":"No One Fits All: From Fixed Prompting to Learned Routing in Multilingual LLMs","display_name":"No One Fits All: From Fixed Prompting to Learned Routing in Multilingual LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155058126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134163664","display_name":"Wei-Chi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Wei-Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113392197","display_name":"Sheng-Lun Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Sheng-Lun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134107159","display_name":"Hen-Hsen Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Hen-Hsen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134125659","display_name":"Hsin-Hsi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Hsin-Hsi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.26440000534057617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.26440000534057617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.20149999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.09459999948740005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6104000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.35589998960494995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6977999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6104000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Translation-based":[0],"prompting":[1,18,67,85],"is":[2,37,49,86,128],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5],"multilingual":[6],"LLMs,":[7],"yet":[8],"its":[9],"effectiveness":[10],"varies":[11],"across":[12,20,100],"languages":[13,22,44,52],"and":[14,27,55,75,103],"tasks.":[15],"We":[16],"evaluate":[17],"strategies":[19,99],"ten":[21],"of":[23],"different":[24],"resource":[25,118],"levels":[26],"four":[28,101],"benchmarks.":[29],"Our":[30],"analysis":[31,114],"shows":[32],"that":[33,79,116],"no":[34],"single":[35],"strategy":[36,68],"universally":[38],"optimal.":[39],"Translation":[40],"strongly":[41],"benefits":[42],"low-resource":[43],"even":[45],"when":[46,126],"translation":[47,122,127],"quality":[48,123],"imperfect,":[50],"high-resource":[51],"gain":[53],"little,":[54],"prompt-based":[56],"self-routing":[57],"underperforms":[58],"explicit":[59],"translation.":[60],"Motivated":[61],"by":[62],"these":[63],"findings,":[64],"we":[65],"formulate":[66],"selection":[69],"as":[70],"a":[71],"learned":[72],"decision":[73],"problem":[74],"introduce":[76],"lightweight":[77],"classifiers":[78,92],"predict":[80],"whether":[81],"native":[82],"or":[83],"translation-based":[84],"optimal":[87],"for":[88],"each":[89],"instance.":[90],"The":[91],"achieve":[93],"statistically":[94],"significant":[95],"improvements":[96],"over":[97],"fixed":[98],"benchmarks":[102],"generalize":[104],"to":[105],"unseen":[106],"task":[107],"formats":[108],"not":[109],"observed":[110],"during":[111],"training.":[112],"Further":[113],"reveals":[115],"language":[117],"level,":[119],"rather":[120],"than":[121],"alone,":[124],"determines":[125],"beneficial.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00"}