{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155070584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","title":"Benchmarking Real-Time Question Answering via Executable Code Workflows","display_name":"Benchmarking Real-Time Question Answering via Executable Code Workflows","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155070584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134194070","display_name":"Wenjie Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Wenjie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134105598","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134103186","display_name":"Xin Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134150007","display_name":"Hao Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035598236","display_name":"Zhongjian Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao, Zhongjian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134108423","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134139549","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134130330","display_name":"Xiaobing Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Xiaobing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134194070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.7781000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.7781000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6787999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4147000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8641999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6787999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100368936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411725","display_name":"Crawling","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13743948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45842","display_name":"Web crawler","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieving":[0],"real-time":[1,79,131],"information":[2,28,164],"is":[3],"a":[4,44,92,172,178],"fundamental":[5],"capability":[6],"for":[7,70,163,195],"search-integrated":[8],"agents":[9,152,176,203],"in":[10,99,130,184],"real-world":[11,35],"applications.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"benchmarks":[15],"are":[16],"predominantly":[17],"static":[18],"and":[19,29,73,168,186],"therefore":[20],"fail":[21,187],"to":[22,53,77,95,97,188,190],"capture":[23],"the":[24,30,88,134,191],"temporal":[25,212],"dynamics":[26],"of":[27,34,121,158,166],"continuously":[31],"evolving":[32],"nature":[33],"knowledge.":[36],"To":[37,82],"address":[38],"this":[39],"limitation,":[40],"we":[41,61],"propose":[42],"RT-QA,":[43],"dynamic":[45],"evaluation":[46,58,85],"framework":[47],"that":[48,66,201],"leverages":[49],"executable":[50],"code":[51,69],"workflows":[52],"retrieve":[54,177],"up-to-date":[55],"answers":[56],"at":[57],"time.":[59],"Specifically,":[60],"construct":[62],"an":[63,182],"agent-driven":[64],"pipeline":[65,89],"autonomously":[67],"generates":[68],"web":[71,100],"crawling":[72],"DOM-based":[74],"answer":[75],"extraction":[76],"produce":[78],"ground":[80],"truth.":[81],"ensure":[83],"robust":[84,211],"over":[86],"time,":[87],"further":[90],"incorporates":[91],"self-repair":[93],"mechanism":[94],"adapt":[96],"changes":[98],"page":[101],"structures.":[102],"RT-QA":[103],"spans":[104],"12":[105],"domains":[106],"(e.g.,":[107,124,181],"Finance,":[108],"Sports)":[109],"with":[110],"320":[111],"Chinese":[112],"questions":[113],"categorized":[114],"into":[115],"three":[116],"difficulty":[117],"levels.":[118],"Extensive":[119],"evaluations":[120],"state-of-the-art":[122],"models":[123,136],"GPT-5.2,":[125],"GLM-4.7)":[126],"reveal":[127],"significant":[128],"limitations":[129],"adaptability:":[132],"even":[133],"best":[135],"achieve":[137],"only":[138],"46%":[139],"accuracy.":[140],"Our":[141],"analysis":[142],"highlights":[143],"two":[144],"primary":[145],"failure":[146],"modes:":[147],"(1)":[148],"Lazy":[149],"Retrieval,":[150],"where":[151,175],"rely":[153],"on":[154],"search":[155],"snippets":[156],"instead":[157],"deeply":[159],"scanning":[160],"specific":[161],"websites":[162],"(20%":[165],"failures);":[167],"(2)":[169],"Temporal":[170],"Confusion,":[171],"cognitive":[173],"error":[174],"historical":[179],"date":[180],"event":[183],"2024)":[185],"re-anchor":[189],"current":[192],"time":[193],"(2026)":[194],"subsequent":[196],"reasoning.":[197],"These":[198],"findings":[199],"suggest":[200],"future":[202],"require":[204],"not":[205],"just":[206],"better":[207],"retrieval":[208],"strategies,":[209],"but":[210],"state":[213],"management.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T06:07:44.442478","created_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00"}
