{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155076139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","title":"Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wild","display_name":"Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wild","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155076139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134098268","display_name":"Willem van der Maden","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"van der Maden, Willem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101678969","display_name":"Malak Sadek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-890X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadek, Malak","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134203794","display_name":"Ziang Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Ziang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083410044","display_name":"Aske Mottelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1827-8513"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mottelson, Aske","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134157688","display_name":"Q. Vera Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao, Q. Vera","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134142116","display_name":"Jichen Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Jichen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.17389999330043793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.17389999330043793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.07779999822378159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.07450000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-practice","display_name":"Best practice","score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.32179999351501465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5422999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.16304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4064059853553772,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"do":[1],"product":[2],"teams":[3],"evaluate":[4],"LLM-powered":[5],"products?":[6],"As":[7],"organizations":[8],"integrate":[9],"large":[10],"language":[11],"models":[12],"(LLMs)":[13],"into":[14,80],"digital":[15],"products,":[16],"their":[17],"unpredictable":[18],"nature":[19],"makes":[20],"traditional":[21],"evaluation":[22,46,74,145],"approaches":[23],"inadequate,":[24],"yet":[25],"little":[26],"is":[27],"known":[28],"about":[29],"how":[30],"practitioners":[31,39,72,136],"navigate":[32],"this":[33,94,129],"challenge.":[34],"Through":[35],"interviews":[36],"with":[37],"nineteen":[38],"across":[40],"diverse":[41],"sectors,":[42],"we":[43,60,65,89],"identify":[44],"ten":[45],"practices":[47,103,115,140],"spanning":[48],"informal":[49],"'vibe":[50],"checks'":[51],"to":[52,92,119,134],"organizational":[53],"meta-work.":[54],"Beyond":[55],"confirming":[56],"four":[57],"documented":[58],"challenges,":[59],"introduce":[61],"a":[62,131],"novel":[63],"fifth":[64],"call":[66],"the":[67],"results-actionability":[68],"gap,":[69,95],"in":[70,137],"which":[71],"gather":[73],"data":[75],"but":[76],"cannot":[77],"translate":[78],"findings":[79],"concrete":[81],"improvements.":[82],"Drawing":[83],"on":[84],"patterns":[85],"from":[86,100],"successful":[87],"teams,":[88],"contribute":[90],"strategies":[91],"bridge":[93],"supporting":[96],"practitioners'":[97],"formalization":[98],"journey":[99],"ad-hoc":[101],"interpretive":[102,114],"(e.g.,":[104],"vibe":[105],"checks)":[106],"toward":[107],"systematic":[108],"evaluation.":[109],"Our":[110],"analysis":[111],"suggests":[112],"these":[113],"are":[116],"necessary":[117],"adaptations":[118],"LLM":[120],"characteristics":[121],"rather":[122,141],"than":[123,142],"methodological":[124],"failures.":[125],"For":[126],"HCI":[127],"researchers,":[128],"presents":[130],"research":[132],"opportunity":[133],"support":[135],"systematizing":[138],"emerging":[139],"developing":[143],"new":[144],"frameworks.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00"}