{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155018492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","title":"GTA-2: Benchmarking General Tool Agents from Atomic Tool-Use to Open-Ended Workflows","display_name":"GTA-2: Benchmarking General Tool Agents from Atomic Tool-Use to Open-Ended Workflows","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155018492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104489664","display_name":"Jize Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Jize","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134042396","display_name":"Xuanxuan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xuanxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134024133","display_name":"Yining Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yining","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134045759","display_name":"Songyang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Songyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134028621","display_name":"Yijun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074064317","display_name":"Zifei Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-6498"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan, Zifei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052481491","display_name":"Xinyi Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-9497"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le, Xinyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038267080","display_name":"Cailian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6533-8713"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Cailian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690710","display_name":"Xinping Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1858-8538"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan, Xinping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134089830","display_name":"Dacheng Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao, Dacheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104489664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.24650000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.24650000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.05649999901652336,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.04809999838471413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/execution-model","display_name":"Execution model","score":0.3228999972343445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8212000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776834041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346349","display_name":"Execution model","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.15715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44656798243522644,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,115,177],"general-purpose":[3],"agents":[4],"requires":[5],"a":[6,43,101,128],"shift":[7],"from":[8,75],"executing":[9],"simple":[10],"instructions":[11],"to":[12],"completing":[13],"complex,":[14],"real-world":[15,25,60],"productivity":[16],"workflows.":[17,57],"However,":[18],"current":[19],"tool-use":[20,83],"benchmarks":[21],"remain":[22],"misaligned":[23],"with":[24,147],"requirements,":[26],"relying":[27],"on":[28,59,137,145],"AI-generated":[29],"queries,":[30,66],"dummy":[31],"tools,":[32,68],"and":[33,55,69,119,168,194,198],"limited":[34],"system-level":[35],"coordination.":[36],"To":[37,95],"address":[38],"this,":[39],"we":[40,99],"propose":[41,100],"GTA-2,":[42],"hierarchical":[44],"benchmark":[45],"for":[46,91,190],"General":[47],"Tool":[48],"Agents":[49],"(GTA)":[50],"spanning":[51],"atomic":[52,138],"tool":[53],"use":[54],"open-ended":[56,89,97],"Built":[58],"authenticity,":[61],"it":[62],"leverages":[63],"real":[64],"user":[65],"deployed":[67],"multimodal":[70],"contexts.":[71],"(i)":[72],"GTA-Atomic,":[73],"inherited":[74],"our":[76],"prior":[77],"GTA":[78],"benchmark,":[79],"evaluates":[80],"short-horizon,":[81],"closed-ended":[82],"precision.":[84],"(ii)":[85],"GTA-Workflow":[86],"introduces":[87],"long-horizon,":[88],"tasks":[90,139],"realistic":[92],"end-to-end":[93],"completion.":[94],"evaluate":[96],"deliverables,":[98],"recursive":[102],"checkpoint-based":[103],"evaluation":[104,114],"mechanism":[105],"that":[106,157],"decomposes":[107],"objectives":[108],"into":[109],"verifiable":[110],"sub-goals,":[111],"enabling":[112],"unified":[113],"both":[116],"model":[117,184],"capabilities":[118],"agent":[120],"execution":[121,124,178],"frameworks":[122,164],"(i.e.,":[123],"harnesses).":[125],"Experiments":[126],"reveal":[127],"pronounced":[129],"capability":[130],"cliff:":[131],"while":[132,162],"frontier":[133],"models":[134,149],"already":[135],"struggle":[136],"(below":[140],"50%),":[141],"they":[142],"largely":[143],"fail":[144],"workflows,":[146],"top":[148],"achieving":[150],"only":[151],"14.39%":[152],"success.":[153],"Further":[154],"analysis":[155],"shows":[156],"checkpoint-guided":[158],"feedback":[159],"improves":[160],"performance,":[161],"advanced":[163],"such":[165],"as":[166],"Manus":[167],"OpenClaw":[169],"substantially":[170],"enhance":[171],"workflow":[172],"completion,":[173],"highlighting":[174],"the":[175,182],"importance":[176],"harness":[179],"design":[180],"beyond":[181],"underlying":[183],"capacity.":[185],"These":[186],"findings":[187],"provide":[188],"guidance":[189],"developing":[191],"reliable":[192],"personal":[193],"professional":[195],"assistants.":[196],"Dataset":[197],"code":[199],"will":[200],"be":[201],"available":[202],"at":[203],"https://github.com/open-compass/GTA.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T06:12:34.886580","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
