{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154723380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","title":"Exploring and Testing Skill-Based Behavioral Profile Annotation: Human Operability and LLM Feasibility under Schema-Guided Execution","display_name":"Exploring and Testing Skill-Based Behavioral Profile Annotation: Human Operability and LLM Feasibility under Schema-Guided Execution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154723380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026608819","display_name":"Yufeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9086-6080"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Yufeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026608819"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5141000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5141000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.07119999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.06340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.7437000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7437000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126231374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298","display_name":"Operability","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778134712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047307","display_name":"Bundle","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.72628253698349,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Behavioral":[0],"Profile":[1],"(BP)":[2],"annotation":[3,20,25,36,121,244],"is":[4,64,122,166,216],"difficult":[5],"to":[6,90],"automate":[7],"because":[8],"it":[9],"requires":[10],"simultaneous":[11],"coding":[12],"across":[13],"multiple":[14],"linguistic":[15],"dimensions.":[16],"We":[17],"treat":[18],"BP":[19,35,53,88,120],"as":[21,93,205,219,226],"a":[22,29,51,57,78,83,201,227],"bundle":[23],"of":[24,44,250],"skills":[26,89,130,149],"rather":[27,168,253],"than":[28,169,225,254],"single":[30],"task":[31],"and":[32,50,72,104,140,172],"evaluate":[33],"LLM-assisted":[34],"from":[37],"this":[38,164],"perspective.":[39],"Using":[40],"3,134":[41],"concordance":[42],"lines":[43],"30":[45],"Chinese":[46],"metaphorical":[47],"color-term":[48],"derivatives":[49],"14-feature":[52],"schema,":[54],"we":[55,203],"implement":[56],"skill-file-driven":[58],"pipeline":[59],"in":[60,235,248],"which":[61],"each":[62],"feature":[63],"externally":[65],"defined":[66],"through":[67],"schema":[68],"files,":[69],"decision":[70],"rules,":[71],"examples.":[73],"Two":[74],"human":[75,229],"annotators":[76],"completed":[77],"two-round":[79],"schema-only":[80],"protocol":[81],"on":[82],"300-instance":[84],"validation":[85],"subset,":[86],"enabling":[87],"be":[91,246],"classified":[92],"directly":[94,132],"operable,":[95,133],"recoverable":[96,136],"under":[97,113],"focused":[98,138],"re-annotation,":[99,139],"or":[100,195],"structurally":[101,143],"underspecified.":[102,144],"GPT-5.4":[103,145],"three":[105],"locally":[106],"deployable":[107],"open-source":[108],"models":[109],"were":[110],"then":[111],"evaluated":[112,247],"the":[114,126,147,180,189],"same":[115],"setup.":[116],"Results":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119,214,242],"highly":[123],"heterogeneous":[124],"at":[125,179,188],"skill":[127,181,223,251],"level:":[128],"5":[129,141],"are":[131,135,176,233],"4":[134],"after":[137],"remain":[142],"executes":[146],"retained":[148],"with":[150],"substantial":[151],"reliability":[152],"(accuracy":[153],"=":[154,157,161,184,193,199],"0.678,":[155],"\\k{appa}":[156],"0.665,":[158],"weighted":[159],"F1":[160],"0.695),":[162],"but":[163,186],"feasibility":[165,252],"selective":[167],"global.":[170],"Human":[171],"GPT":[173,215],"difficulty":[174],"profiles":[175],"strongly":[177],"aligned":[178],"level":[182,191,197],"(r":[183,192,198],"0.881),":[185],"not":[187],"instance":[190],"0.016)":[194],"lexical-item":[196],"-0.142),":[200],"pattern":[202],"describe":[204],"shared":[206],"taxonomy,":[207],"independent":[208,221],"execution.":[209],"Pairwise":[210],"agreement":[211],"further":[212],"suggests":[213],"better":[217],"understood":[218],"an":[220],"third":[222],"voice":[224],"direct":[228],"substitute.":[230],"Open-source":[231],"failures":[232],"concentrated":[234],"schema-to-skill":[236],"execution":[237],"problems.":[238],"These":[239],"findings":[240],"suggest":[241],"automatic":[243],"should":[245],"terms":[249],"task-level":[255],"automation.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-18T00:00:00"}
