{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154688401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","title":"On the Expressive Power and Limitations of Multi-Layer SSMs","display_name":"On the Expressive Power and Limitations of Multi-Layer SSMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154688401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062414329","display_name":"Nikola Zubi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-2718"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubi\u0107, Nikola","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133865922","display_name":"Qian Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133906637","display_name":"Yuyi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yuyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133863051","display_name":"Davide Scaramuzza","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scaramuzza, Davide","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.29989999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.29989999532699585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.08489999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.07069999724626541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-and-offline","display_name":"Online and offline","score":0.4189999997615814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.14501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4710589349269867,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"study":[1],"the":[2,36,49,75,89,117],"expressive":[3],"power":[4,68,118],"and":[5,30,79,114,119],"limitations":[6,20],"of":[7,38,121],"multi-layer":[8,16,63],"state-space":[9],"models":[10],"(SSMs).":[11],"First,":[12],"we":[13,34,73],"show":[14],"that":[15,42,82],"SSMs":[17,29,64],"face":[18],"fundamental":[19],"in":[21,67,88],"compositional":[22],"tasks,":[23],"revealing":[24],"an":[25],"inherent":[26],"gap":[27],"between":[28,77],"streaming":[31,70],"models.":[32],"Then,":[33],"examine":[35],"role":[37],"chain-of-thought":[39],"(CoT),":[40],"showing":[41,81],"offline":[43],"CoT":[44,53,99,115],"does":[45],"not":[46,86],"fundamentally":[47],"increase":[48,56],"expressiveness,":[50],"while":[51],"online":[52,61,98],"can":[54],"substantially":[55],"its":[57],"power.":[58],"Indeed,":[59],"with":[60],"CoT,":[62],"become":[65],"equivalent":[66],"to":[69],"algorithms.":[71],"Finally,":[72],"investigate":[74],"tradeoff":[76],"width":[78],"precision,":[80,113],"these":[83],"resources":[84],"are":[85],"interchangeable":[87],"base":[90],"model,":[91],"but":[92],"admit":[93],"a":[94,106],"clean":[95],"equivalence":[96],"once":[97],"is":[100],"allowed.":[101],"Overall,":[102],"our":[103],"results":[104],"offer":[105],"unified":[107],"perspective":[108],"on":[109],"how":[110],"depth,":[111],"finite":[112],"shape":[116],"limits":[120],"SSMs.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-18T00:00:00"}