{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154604540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","title":"Learning the Cue or Learning the Word? Analyzing Generalization in Metaphor Detection for Verbs","display_name":"Learning the Cue or Learning the Word? Analyzing Generalization in Metaphor Detection for Verbs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154604540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008866802","display_name":"Sinan Kurtyigit","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurtyigit, Sinan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036567696","display_name":"Sabine Schulte im Walde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-6255"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walde, Sabine Schulte im","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133730695","display_name":"Alexander Fraser","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fraser, Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.8787999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.34880000352859497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.8787999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6693999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6585999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126706616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2944660","display_name":"Lexical item","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126398093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202238","display_name":"Lexical decision task","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451195","display_name":"Sentence processing","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7085139155387878}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metaphor":[0,45],"detection":[1,27],"models":[2],"achieve":[3],"strong":[4],"benchmark":[5],"performance,":[6],"yet":[7],"it":[8,88],"remains":[9],"unclear":[10],"whether":[11],"this":[12],"reflects":[13],"transferable":[14],"generalization":[15,24,122],"or":[16],"lexical":[17,51,144],"memorization.":[18],"To":[19],"address":[20],"this,":[21],"we":[22],"analyze":[23],"in":[25],"metaphor":[26],"through":[28],"RoBERTa,":[29],"the":[30,42,81,128,135],"shared":[31],"backbone":[32],"of":[33,57],"many":[34],"state-of-the-art":[35],"systems,":[36],"focusing":[37],"on":[38,69,85,92,108],"English":[39],"verbs":[40],"using":[41],"VU":[43],"Amsterdam":[44],"Corpus.":[46],"We":[47],"introduce":[48],"a":[49],"controlled":[50],"hold-out":[52],"setup":[53],"where":[54],"all":[55],"instances":[56],"selected":[58],"target":[59],"lemmas":[60,72,75],"are":[61,115],"strictly":[62],"excluded":[63],"from":[64],"fine-tuning,":[65],"and":[66],"compare":[67],"predictions":[68],"these":[70,118],"Held-out":[71,93,109],"against":[73],"Exposed":[74,86],"(verbs":[76],"seen":[77],"during":[78],"fine-tuning).":[79],"While":[80],"model":[82],"performs":[83],"best":[84],"lemmas,":[87,110],"maintains":[89],"robust":[90],"performance":[91,107],"lemmas.":[94],"Further":[95],"analysis":[96],"reveals":[97],"that":[98,121],"sentence":[99],"context":[100],"alone":[101],"is":[102,123,146],"sufficient":[103],"to":[104],"match":[105],"full-model":[106],"whereas":[111],"static":[112],"verb-level":[113],"embeddings":[114],"not.":[116],"Together,":[117],"results":[119],"suggest":[120],"primarily":[124],"driven":[125],"by":[126],"\"learning":[127,134],"cue\"":[129],"(transferable":[130],"contextual":[131],"patterns),":[132],"while":[133],"word\"":[136],"(verb-specific":[137],"memorization)":[138],"provides":[139],"an":[140],"additive":[141],"boost":[142],"when":[143],"exposure":[145],"available.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-17T00:00:00"}
