{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154616075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","title":"English is Not All You Need: Systematically Exploring the Role of Multilinguality in LLM Post-Training","display_name":"English is Not All You Need: Systematically Exploring the Role of Multilinguality in LLM Post-Training","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154616075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133762546","display_name":"Mehak Dhaliwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhaliwal, Mehak","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113261608","display_name":"Shashwat Chaurasia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaurasia, Shashwat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133785068","display_name":"Yao Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133735783","display_name":"Dezhi Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong, Dezhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124830080","display_name":"Thomas Butler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Butler, Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.321399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.321399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.18459999561309814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.052000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"Multilingualism","score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-training","display_name":"Transfer of training","score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-language","display_name":"First language","score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834022","display_name":"Transfer of training","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116081451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501364","display_name":"Language transfer","level":4,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94922259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215","display_name":"Constructed language","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779313563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072565","display_name":"On Language","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1813318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465887","display_name":"Language industry","level":4,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6550436615943909}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,27,83,125],"widespread":[2],"multilingual":[3,47],"deployment":[4],"of":[5,26,127],"large":[6],"language":[7,31,67,100,116,129],"models,":[8],"post-training":[9,70,110],"pipelines":[10],"remain":[11,137],"predominantly":[12],"English-centric,":[13],"contributing":[14],"to":[15,60],"performance":[16,104],"disparities":[17],"across":[18,74],"languages.":[19,143],"We":[20,63],"present":[21],"a":[22,97,132],"systematic,":[23],"controlled":[24],"study":[25],"interplay":[28],"between":[29],"training":[30],"coverage,":[32],"model":[33,77],"scale,":[34],"and":[35,53,76,85,105],"task":[36],"domain,":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,44],"220":[40],"supervised":[41],"fine-tuning":[42],"runs":[43],"parallel":[45],"translated":[46],"data":[48],"mixtures":[49],"spanning":[50],"mathematical":[51],"reasoning":[52],"API":[54],"calling":[55],"tasks,":[56],"with":[57,79],"models":[58],"up":[59],"8B":[61],"parameters.":[62],"find":[64],"that":[65],"increasing":[66],"coverage":[68],"during":[69],"is":[71],"largely":[72,111],"beneficial":[73],"tasks":[75],"scales,":[78],"low-resource":[80,142],"languages":[81,87],"benefiting":[82],"most":[84],"high-resource":[86],"plateauing":[88],"rather":[89],"than":[90],"degrading.":[91],"Even":[92],"minimal":[93],"multilinguality":[94],"helps:":[95],"incorporating":[96],"single":[98],"non-English":[99],"improves":[101],"both":[102],"English":[103],"cross-lingual":[106,119],"generalization,":[107],"making":[108],"English-only":[109],"suboptimal.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"at":[114],"sufficient":[115],"diversity,":[117],"zero-shot":[118],"transfer":[120],"can":[121],"match":[122],"or":[123],"exceed":[124],"effects":[126],"direct":[128],"inclusion":[130],"in":[131],"low-diversity":[133],"setting,":[134],"although":[135],"gains":[136],"limited":[138],"for":[139],"typologically":[140],"distant,":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-17T00:00:00"}