{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154446807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","title":"TimeMark: A Trustworthy Time Watermarking Framework for Exact Generation-Time Recovery from AIGC","display_name":"TimeMark: A Trustworthy Time Watermarking Framework for Exact Generation-Time Recovery from AIGC","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154446807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073206482","display_name":"Shangkun Che","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Che, Shangkun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133712985","display_name":"Silin Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Du, Silin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133726641","display_name":"Ge Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5214999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.5214999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.17219999432563782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.06859999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.660099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copy-protection","display_name":"Copy protection","score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.45239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.660099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15738686","display_name":"Copy protection","level":4,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5479000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.41260001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168297262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031182","display_name":"Information protection policy","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193470923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276026","display_name":"Digital Watermarking Alliance","level":4,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.12216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7664540410041809,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,141],"widespread":[1],"use":[2,117],"of":[3,90,179],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"in":[8,44,56],"text":[9],"generation":[10,180],"has":[11],"raised":[12],"increasing":[13],"concerns":[14],"about":[15],"intellectual":[16,210],"property":[17,211],"disputes.":[18,212],"Watermarking":[19],"techniques,":[20],"which":[21,93],"embed":[22],"meta":[23],"information":[24,129],"into":[25,130],"AI-generated":[26],"content":[27],"(AIGC),":[28],"have":[29],"the":[30,88,196],"potential":[31],"to":[32,48,71,78],"serve":[33],"as":[34,118,150],"judicial":[35,119,200],"evidence.":[36,120],"However,":[37],"existing":[38],"methods":[39,63],"rely":[40],"on":[41,112],"statistical":[42,66,105,160],"signals":[43],"token":[45],"distributions,":[46],"leading":[47],"inherently":[49],"probabilistic":[50],"detection":[51],"and":[52,74,107,126,148,189,202],"reduced":[53],"reliability,":[54],"especially":[55],"multi-bit":[57],"encoding":[58,169],"(e.g.,":[59],"timestamps).":[60],"Moreover,":[61],"such":[62],"introduce":[64],"detectable":[65],"patterns,":[67],"making":[68],"them":[69],"vulnerable":[70],"forgery":[72],"attacks":[73,106],"enabling":[75],"model":[76],"providers":[77],"fabricate":[79],"arbitrary":[80,138],"watermarks.":[81],"To":[82,162],"address":[83],"these":[84],"issues,":[85],"we":[86,165],"propose":[87],"concept":[89],"trustworthy":[91,113],"watermark,":[92],"achieves":[94],"reliable":[95,177],"recovery":[96,178],"with":[97,173,182],"100%":[98],"identification":[99],"accuracy":[100],"while":[101],"resisting":[102],"both":[103],"user-side":[104],"provider-side":[108],"forgery.":[109],"We":[110],"focus":[111],"time":[114,128,147,181],"watermarking":[115],"for":[116,156,199,207],"Our":[121],"framework":[122,194],"integrates":[123],"cryptographic":[124],"techniques":[125],"encodes":[127],"time-dependent":[131],"secret":[132],"keys":[133],"under":[134],"regulatory":[135],"supervision,":[136],"preventing":[137],"timestamp":[139],"fabrication.":[140],"watermark":[142],"payload":[143],"is":[144],"decoupled":[145],"from":[146],"generated":[149],"a":[151,167,204],"random,":[152],"non-stored":[153],"bit":[154],"sequence":[155],"each":[157],"instance,":[158],"eliminating":[159],"patterns.":[161],"ensure":[163],"verifiability,":[164],"design":[166],"two-stage":[168],"mechanism,":[170],"which,":[171],"combined":[172],"error-correcting":[174],"codes,":[175],"enables":[176],"theoretically":[183],"perfect":[184],"accuracy.":[185],"Both":[186],"theoretical":[187],"analysis":[188],"experiments":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"that":[192],"our":[193],"satisfies":[195],"reliability":[197],"requirements":[198],"evidence":[201],"offers":[203],"practical":[205],"solution":[206],"future":[208],"AIGC-related":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-16T00:00:00"}