{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154353306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","title":"Emulation-Completeness of Programming Languages","display_name":"Emulation-Completeness of Programming Languages","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154353306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003549623","display_name":"Gregory Morse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0231-6557"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morse, Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133582412","display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Kozsik","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kozsik, Tam\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6035000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6035000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.15150000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.10419999808073044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-semantics","display_name":"Operational semantics","score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-programming","display_name":"Functional programming","score":0.3400999903678894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.847100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930895","display_name":"Operational semantics","level":3,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42383842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193076","display_name":"Functional programming","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18701968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670534","display_name":"Programming language theory","level":4,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169796678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835124","display_name":"Very high-level programming language","level":5,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48859967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486712","display_name":"Language construct","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128838566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic programming","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146499914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469969","display_name":"Formal semantics (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145428669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471748","display_name":"Exception handling","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.443125456571579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,26,109,137],"study":[1],"when":[2],"a":[3,42,86,93,98,102],"programming":[4],"language":[5,13,214],"can":[6,153,169],"emulate":[7],"programs":[8,63],"written":[9],"in":[10,224],"that":[11,35],"same":[12],"without":[14],"delegating":[15],"the":[16,21,48,57,140,150,158,166],"guest":[17,49,151],"program":[18],"back":[19],"to":[20,128],"host":[22],"evaluator":[23],"or":[24,80,172],"compiler.":[25],"call":[27],"this":[28],"property":[29],"emulation-completeness.":[30],"The":[31,176,206],"central":[32],"observation":[33],"is":[34,39,85,91,178,209],"Turing-completeness":[36],"by":[37,180],"itself":[38],"not":[40,45,92],"enough:":[41],"self-emulator":[43],"must":[44,53,134],"only":[46],"compute":[47],"program's":[50],"result,":[51],"but":[52,97],"also":[54],"account":[55],"for":[56,105,213],"guest-visible":[58],"state":[59],"on":[60],"which":[61,147,163],"realistic":[62],"depend,":[64],"including":[65,183],"control":[66],"flow,":[67],"exceptions,":[68],"callbacks,":[69],"timing,":[70],"memory":[71],"usage,":[72],"and":[73,101,118,121,160,195,204,219,221,228],"runtime":[74,132],"metadata":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77,211],"stack":[78],"traces":[79],"line":[81],"numbers.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"systematization":[87],"paper.":[88],"Its":[89],"contribution":[90],"new":[94],"emulator":[95,168],"implementation,":[96],"precise":[99],"vocabulary":[100],"structured":[103],"taxonomy":[104],"reasoning":[106],"about":[107],"self-emulation.":[108,205],"distinguish":[110],"source-level":[111],"evaluation":[112],"from":[113,124,187],"compiled-code":[114,119],"emulation,":[115],"define":[116],"syntactic":[117],"emulation-completeness,":[120],"separate":[122],"weak":[123],"strong":[125],"emulation-completeness":[126],"according":[127],"how":[129],"much":[130],"observable":[131],"behavior":[133],"be":[135,154],"preserved.":[136],"then":[138],"organize":[139],"requirements":[141],"into":[142],"two":[143],"classes:":[144],"language-side":[145],"requirements,":[146,162],"determine":[148,164],"whether":[149,165],"semantics":[152],"represented":[155],"explicitly":[156],"inside":[157],"language,":[159],"emulator-side":[161],"resulting":[167,207],"faithfully":[170],"mask":[171],"reproduce":[173],"relevant":[174],"observations.":[175],"discussion":[177],"grounded":[179],"concrete":[181],"examples,":[182],"publicly":[184],"documented":[185],"details":[186],"Erlang,":[188],"where":[189],"argument":[190],"limits,":[191],"bitstring":[192],"pattern":[193],"matching,":[194],"message":[196],"reception":[197],"expose":[198],"subtle":[199],"mismatches":[200],"between":[201],"direct":[202],"execution":[203],"framework":[208],"intended":[210],"guidance":[212],"designers,":[215],"implementers":[216],"of":[217],"evaluators":[218],"emulators,":[220],"researchers":[222],"interested":[223],"secure":[225],"sandboxing,":[226],"decompilation,":[227],"reflective":[229],"execution.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}
