{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154328405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","title":"Tracing Prompt-Level Trajectories to Understand Student Learning with AI in Programming Education","display_name":"Tracing Prompt-Level Trajectories to Understand Student Learning with AI in Programming Education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154328405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124857010","display_name":"Tianyu Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shao, Tianyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133558383","display_name":"Miguel Feij\u00f3o-Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feij\u00f3o-Garc\u00eda, Miguel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133624574","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008519938","display_name":"Hugo Castellanos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Castellanos, Hugo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016115865","display_name":"Tawfiq Salem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-0542"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salem, Tawfiq","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133626300","display_name":"Alejandra Magana","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magana, Alejandra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133597448","display_name":"Tianyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Tianyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124857010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.5680999755859375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.5680999755859375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.10369999706745148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.05609999969601631,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6869000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5857999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-code","display_name":"Program code","score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-programming","display_name":"Computer programming","score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.33889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6869000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5857999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780315633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16354","display_name":"Whiteboard","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018790387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Hybrid learning","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.10400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6484987735748291}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"AI":[1,22,38,137],"tools":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,122],"ChatGPT":[5],"enter":[6],"programming":[7],"classrooms,":[8],"students":[9,35,87,96],"encounter":[10],"differing":[11],"rules":[12],"across":[13],"courses":[14],"and":[15,23,48,63,112,128,142],"instructors,":[16],"which":[17],"shape":[18],"how":[19,34],"they":[20],"use":[21],"leave":[24],"them":[25],"with":[26,37,67,80,109],"unequal":[27],"capabilities":[28],"for":[29,135],"leveraging":[30],"it.":[31],"We":[32,55,70,104,131],"investigate":[33],"engaged":[36],"in":[39,83,92],"an":[40],"introductory":[41],"Python":[42],"assignment,":[43],"analyzing":[44],"student-LLM":[45],"chat":[46],"histories":[47],"final":[49],"code":[50,66,91,99],"submissions":[51],"from":[52,74],"163":[53],"students.":[54],"examined":[56],"prompt-level":[57],"strategies,":[58],"traced":[59],"trajectories":[60,72,120],"of":[61],"interaction,":[62],"compared":[64],"AI-generated":[65,90],"student":[68],"submissions.":[69],"identified":[71],"ranging":[73],"full":[75],"delegation":[76],"to":[77],"iterative":[78,102],"refinement,":[79],"hybrid":[81],"forms":[82],"between.":[84],"Although":[85],"most":[86],"directly":[88],"copied":[89],"their":[93],"submission,":[94],"many":[95],"scaffolded":[97],"the":[98],"generation":[100],"through":[101],"refinement.":[103],"also":[105],"contrasted":[106],"interaction":[107],"patterns":[108],"assignment":[110],"outcomes":[111],"course":[113],"performance.":[114],"Our":[115],"findings":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118,139],"prompting":[119],"serve":[121],"promising":[123],"windows":[124],"into":[125],"students'":[126],"self-regulation":[127],"learning":[129],"orientation.":[130],"draw":[132],"design":[133],"implications":[134],"educational":[136],"systems":[138],"promote":[140],"personalized":[141],"productive":[143],"student-AI":[144],"collaborative":[145],"learning.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T06:04:33.058270","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}
