{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154331996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","title":"From UAV Imagery to Agronomic Reasoning: A Multimodal LLM Benchmark for Plant Phenotyping","display_name":"From UAV Imagery to Agronomic Reasoning: A Multimodal LLM Benchmark for Plant Phenotyping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154331996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133571449","display_name":"Yu Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013948381","display_name":"Guangzeng Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han, Guangzeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133626056","display_name":"Ibra Niang Niang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niang, Ibra Niang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064650743","display_name":"Francia Ravelombola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1447-2393"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravelombola, Francia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133605465","display_name":"Maiara Oliveira","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliveira, Maiara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133626508","display_name":"Jason Davis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davis, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134672188","display_name":"DONG CHEN","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5439-7744"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133617843","display_name":"Feng Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027237221","display_name":"Xiaolei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0478-8715"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Xiaolei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133571449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease","display_name":"Plant disease","score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.3027999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5986999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6014233827590942}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,64],"improve":[1],"crop":[2],"genetics,":[3],"high-throughput,":[4],"effective":[5],"and":[6,35,58,61,78,86,94,101,113,130,143,172,194,198,226],"comprehensive":[7],"phenotyping":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,43,84,107,188,219],"critical":[11],"prerequisite.":[12],"While":[13],"such":[14,169],"tasks":[15],"were":[16,153],"traditionally":[17],"performed":[18],"manually,":[19],"recent":[20],"advances":[21],"in":[22,27,165,232],"multimodal":[23,73,229],"foundation":[24,48,220],"models,":[25],"especially":[26],"vision-language":[28],"models":[29,49,100,168],"(VLMs),":[30],"have":[31],"enabled":[32],"more":[33,114],"automated":[34],"robust":[36],"phenotypic":[37],"analysis.":[38],"However,":[39],"plant":[40,121,233],"science":[41,122],"remains":[42,196],"particularly":[44],"challenging":[45],"domain":[46],"for":[47,76,89,221,227],"because":[50],"it":[51],"requires":[52],"domain-specific":[53],"knowledge,":[54],"fine-grained":[55],"visual":[56,139],"interpretation,":[57],"complex":[59],"biological":[60],"agronomic":[62,90,145,224],"reasoning.":[63,146],"address":[65],"this":[66],"gap,":[67],"we":[68],"develop":[69],"PlantXpert,":[70],"an":[71],"evidence-grounded":[72,223],"reasoning":[74,205,225],"benchmark":[75,82,117,133],"soybean":[77,193],"cotton":[79,195],"phenotyping.":[80],"Our":[81],"provides":[83],"structured":[85],"reproducible":[87],"framework":[88],"adaptation":[91],"of":[92,149],"VLMs,":[93],"enables":[95],"controlled":[96],"comparison":[97],"between":[98],"base":[99],"their":[102],"domain-adapted":[103],"counterparts.":[104],"We":[105],"constructed":[106],"dataset":[108],"comprising":[109],"385":[110],"digital":[111],"images":[112],"than":[115],"3,000":[116],"samples":[118],"spanning":[119],"key":[120],"domains":[123],"including":[124,138],"disease,":[125],"pest":[126],"control,":[127],"weed":[128],"management,":[129],"yield.":[131],"The":[132,155],"can":[134,216],"assess":[135],"diverse":[136],"capabilities":[137],"expertise,":[140],"quantitative":[141,199],"reasoning,":[142],"multi-step":[144],"A":[147],"total":[148],"11":[150],"state-of-the-art":[151],"VLMs":[152],"evaluated.":[154],"results":[156],"indicate":[157],"that":[158,214],"task-specific":[159],"fine-tuning":[160],"leads":[161],"to":[162,176,207],"substantial":[163,209],"improvement":[164],"accuracy,":[166],"with":[167],"as":[170,200,202,218],"Qwen3-VL-4B":[171],"Qwen3-VL-30B":[173],"achieving":[174],"up":[175],"78%.":[177],"At":[178],"the":[179],"same":[180],"time,":[181],"gains":[182],"from":[183],"model":[184,230],"scaling":[185],"diminish":[186],"beyond":[187],"certain":[189],"capacity,":[190],"generalization":[191],"across":[192],"uneven,":[197],"well":[201],"biologically":[203],"grounded":[204],"continue":[206],"pose":[208],"challenges.":[210],"These":[211],"findings":[212],"suggest":[213],"PlantXpert":[215],"serve":[217],"assessing":[222],"advancing":[228],"development":[231],"science.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}