{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154330577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","title":"EE-MCP: Self-Evolving MCP-GUI Agents via Automated Environment Generation and Experience Learning","display_name":"EE-MCP: Self-Evolving MCP-GUI Agents via Automated Environment Generation and Experience Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154330577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133623157","display_name":"Tiantian He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He, Tiantian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133567344","display_name":"Yihang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yihang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133591399","display_name":"Keyue Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Keyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133602272","display_name":"Ka Yiu Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Ka Yiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133594544","display_name":"Kaiwen Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Kaiwen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133618851","display_name":"Kun Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao, Kun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133601908","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Shuai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133623157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.42800000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.42800000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.11879999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.05909999832510948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.3968999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.772599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779038628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248497","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5894958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297769","display_name":"Software agent","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.09815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5271763801574707}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-use":[0],"agents":[1,31],"that":[2,69,98,145],"combine":[3],"GUI":[4],"interaction":[5],"with":[6,93],"structured":[7],"API":[8],"calls":[9],"via":[10],"the":[11,58,146,163],"Model":[12],"Context":[13],"Protocol":[14],"(MCP)":[15],"show":[16,68],"promise":[17],"for":[18],"automating":[19],"software":[20],"tasks.":[21],"However,":[22],"existing":[23],"approaches":[24],"lack":[25],"a":[26,51,90,94],"principled":[27],"understanding":[28],"of":[29],"how":[30,38],"should":[32],"balance":[33],"these":[34],"two":[35],"modalities":[36],"and":[37,67,71,103,110],"to":[39],"enable":[40],"iterative":[41],"self-improvement":[42],"across":[43,140],"diverse":[44],"applications.":[45],"We":[46],"formulate":[47],"MCP-GUI":[48,151],"interplay":[49],"as":[50],"unified":[52],"hybrid":[53],"policy":[54],"learning":[55],"problem":[56],"where":[57],"agent":[59],"learns":[60],"when":[61],"each":[62],"modality":[63],"provides":[64],"complementary":[65],"advantages,":[66],"distillation":[70,153],"experience":[72,123,164],"augmentation":[73],"target":[74],"fundamentally":[75],"different":[76],"failure":[77],"modes":[78],"-":[79,113],"requiring":[80],"application-aware":[81],"mechanism":[82],"selection.":[83],"Built":[84],"on":[85,150,158,167],"this":[86],"formulation,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"self-evolving":[91],"framework":[92],"fully":[95],"automatic":[96,100],"pipeline":[97],"orchestrates":[99],"environment":[101],"generation":[102],"validation,":[104],"trajectory":[105,130],"collection,":[106],"gap-driven":[107],"task":[108],"synthesis,":[109],"quality-filtered":[111],"training":[112],"all":[114],"without":[115,135],"manual":[116],"intervention.":[117],"A":[118],"key":[119],"innovation":[120],"is":[121],"our":[122],"bank,":[124],"which":[125],"accumulates":[126],"LLM-learned":[127],"rules":[128],"from":[129],"comparison,":[131],"enabling":[132],"inference-time":[133],"improvement":[134],"fine-tuning.":[136],"Systematic":[137],"\\textbf{cross-application":[138],"analysis}":[139],"three":[141],"desktop":[142],"applications":[143],"reveals":[144],"optimal":[147],"strategy":[148],"depends":[149],"composition:":[152],"achieves":[154],"77.8\\%":[155],"pass":[156],"rate":[157],"MCP-dominant":[159],"tasks":[160,169],"(+17.8pp),":[161],"while":[162],"bank":[165],"excels":[166],"GUI-intensive":[168],"(+10.0pp).":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T06:04:33.058270","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}