{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153240908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","title":"Can Vision Language Models Judge Action Quality? An Empirical Evaluation","display_name":"Can Vision Language Models Judge Action Quality? An Empirical Evaluation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153240908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133323006","display_name":"Miguel Monte e Freitas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Freitas, Miguel Monte e","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133346781","display_name":"Rui Henriques","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henriques, Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039347839","display_name":"Ricardo Rei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8265-1939"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rei, Ricardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133342139","display_name":"Pedro Henrique Martins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martins, Pedro Henrique","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4235000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4235000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.06080000102519989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.34450000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88626702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128903","display_name":"Continuation","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Action":[0],"Quality":[1],"Assessment":[2],"(AQA)":[3],"has":[4],"broad":[5],"applications":[6],"in":[7,28],"physical":[8],"therapy,":[9],"sports":[10],"coaching,":[11],"and":[12,52,63,72,85,114,161],"competitive":[13],"judging.":[14],"Although":[15],"Vision":[16],"Language":[17],"Models":[18],"(VLMs)":[19],"hold":[20],"considerable":[21],"promise":[22],"for":[23,156,166],"AQA,":[24],"their":[25],"actual":[26],"performance":[27],"this":[29],"domain":[30],"remains":[31],"largely":[32],"uncharacterised.":[33],"We":[34],"present":[35],"a":[36,104,115,142,153],"comprehensive":[37],"evaluation":[38],"of":[39,78,97,111],"state-of-the-art":[40],"VLMs":[41],"across":[42],"activity":[43],"domains":[44],"(e.g.":[45],"fitness,":[46],"figure":[47],"skating,":[48],"diving),":[49],"tasks,":[50],"representations,":[51],"prompting":[53],"strategies.":[54],"Baseline":[55],"results":[56],"reveal":[57],"that":[58,132],"Gemini":[59],"3.1":[60],"Pro,":[61],"Qwen3-VL":[62],"InternVL3.5":[64],"models":[65],"perform":[66],"only":[67],"marginally":[68],"above":[69],"random":[70],"chance,":[71],"although":[73],"strategies":[74],"such":[75],"as":[76],"incorporation":[77],"skeleton":[79],"information,":[80],"grounding":[81],"instructions,":[82],"reasoning":[83],"structures":[84],"in-context":[86],"learning":[87],"lead":[88],"to":[89,106,117,124,141,172],"isolated":[90],"gains,":[91],"none":[92],"is":[93],"consistently":[94],"effective.":[95],"Analysis":[96],"prediction":[98],"distributions":[99],"uncovers":[100],"two":[101],"systematic":[102],"biases:":[103],"tendency":[105],"predict":[107],"correct":[108],"execution":[109],"regardless":[110],"visual":[112],"evidence,":[113],"sensitivity":[116],"superficial":[118],"linguistic":[119],"framing.":[120],"Reformulating":[121],"tasks":[122],"contrastively":[123],"mitigate":[125],"these":[126,138],"biases":[127],"yields":[128],"minimal":[129],"improvement,":[130],"suggesting":[131],"the":[133],"models'":[134],"limitations":[135],"go":[136],"beyond":[137],"biases,":[139],"pointing":[140],"fundamental":[143],"difficulty":[144],"with":[145],"fine-grained":[146],"movement":[147],"quality":[148],"assessment.":[149],"Our":[150],"findings":[151],"establish":[152],"rigorous":[154],"baseline":[155],"future":[157],"VLM-based":[158],"AQA":[159],"research":[160],"provide":[162],"an":[163],"actionable":[164],"outline":[165],"failure":[167],"modes":[168],"requiring":[169],"mitigation":[170],"prior":[171],"reliable":[173],"real-world":[174],"deployment.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-11T00:00:00"}