{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153235207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","title":"3DrawAgent: Teaching LLM to Draw in 3D with Early Contrastive Experience","display_name":"3DrawAgent: Teaching LLM to Draw in 3D with Early Contrastive Experience","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153235207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133390586","display_name":"Hongcan Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Hongcan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133370988","display_name":"Xinyue Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Xinyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133366466","display_name":"Yilin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yilin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133346171","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133342749","display_name":"Yonggang Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Yonggang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.3578000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.3578000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.3212999999523163,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.8828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.550599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b\u00e9zier-curve","display_name":"B\u00e9zier curve","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagrammatic-reasoning","display_name":"Diagrammatic reasoning","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6832000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.550599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206423108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214728","display_name":"B\u00e9zier curve","level":2,"score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106624574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270387","display_name":"Diagrammatic reasoning","level":2,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817354","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145961650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192521","display_name":"Technical drawing","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.08042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.45426133275032043,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sketching":[0],"in":[1],"3D":[2,15,35,47,125,133,160,186],"space":[3],"enables":[4],"expressive":[5],"reasoning":[6],"about":[7],"shape,":[8],"structure,":[9],"and":[10,99,108,145,158,171],"spatial":[11,143],"relationships,":[12],"yet":[13],"generating":[14],"sketches":[16,162],"through":[17],"natural":[18],"language":[19,41],"remains":[20],"a":[21,30,61,96,100,177],"major":[22],"challenge.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"work,":[26],"we":[27,84],"introduce":[28],"3DrawAgent,":[29],"training-free,":[31],"language-driven":[32],"framework":[33],"for":[34,180],"sketch":[36,56,187],"generation":[37],"that":[38,66,153],"leverages":[39],"large":[40],"models":[42],"(LLMs)":[43],"to":[44,118,140,173],"sequentially":[45],"draw":[46],"Bezier":[48,161],"curves":[49],"under":[50],"geometric":[51,169],"feedback.":[52],"Unlike":[53],"prior":[54,122],"2D":[55],"agents,":[57],"our":[58,138],"method":[59],"introduces":[60],"relative":[62],"experience":[63],"optimization":[64],"strategy":[65],"adapts":[67],"the":[68,121,131,182],"recently":[69],"proposed":[70],"Group":[71],"Reward":[72],"Policy":[73],"Optimization":[74],"(GRPO)":[75],"paradigm.":[76],"Instead":[77],"of":[78,95,124,130,184],"relying":[79],"on":[80,104],"explicit":[81],"ground-truth":[82],"supervision,":[83],"construct":[85],"pairwise":[86],"comparisons":[87],"among":[88],"generated":[89],"sketches,":[90],"with":[91],"each":[92],"pair":[93],"consisting":[94],"relatively":[97],"better":[98],"worse":[101],"result":[102],"based":[103],"CLIP-based":[105],"perceptual":[106],"rewards":[107],"LLM-based":[109],"fine-grained":[110],"qualitative":[111],"assessment.":[112],"These":[113],"experiences":[114],"are":[115],"then":[116],"used":[117],"iteratively":[119],"refine":[120],"knowledge":[123],"drawing,":[126],"enabling":[127],"black-box":[128],"reinforcement":[129],"model's":[132],"awareness.":[134],"This":[135],"design":[136],"allows":[137],"model":[139],"self-improve":[141],"its":[142],"understanding":[144],"drawing":[146],"quality":[147],"without":[148],"parameter":[149],"updates.":[150],"Experiments":[151],"show":[152],"3DrawAgent":[154],"can":[155],"generate":[156],"complex":[157],"coherent":[159],"from":[163],"diverse":[164],"textual":[165],"prompts,":[166],"exhibit":[167],"emergent":[168],"reasoning,":[170],"generalize":[172],"novel":[174],"shapes,":[175],"establishing":[176],"new":[178],"paradigm":[179],"advancing":[181],"field":[183],"training-free":[185],"intelligence.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-11T00:00:00"}