{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152548661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","title":"Energy Saving for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Energy Saving for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152548661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035642456","display_name":"Qichen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-915X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Qichen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133296482","display_name":"Keyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Keyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133304319","display_name":"Ozan Alp Topal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Topal, Ozan Alp","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122556022","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Tu\u011ffe Demir","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demir, \u00d6zlem Tugfe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133237980","display_name":"Mustafa Ozger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozger, Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133241500","display_name":"Cicek Cavdar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cavdar, Cicek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.940500020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.940500020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8353000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-mode","display_name":"Sleep mode","score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.40130001306533813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8353000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6920999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9149824976921082,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3],"energy":[4],"savings":[5],"in":[6,54,116],"downlink":[7],"operation":[8],"of":[9],"cell-free":[10],"massive":[11],"MIMO":[12],"(CF":[13],"mMIMO)":[14],"networks":[15],"under":[16],"dynamic":[17],"traffic":[18,74],"conditions.":[19],"We":[20],"propose":[21],"a":[22,55,101,113,131,137],"multi-agent":[23],"deep":[24,125],"reinforcement":[25],"learning":[26],"(MADRL)":[27],"algorithm":[28,82],"that":[29,79,104],"enables":[30],"each":[31,67],"access":[32],"point":[33],"(AP)":[34],"to":[35,69,72,90,100,121],"autonomously":[36],"control":[37,64],"antenna":[38],"re-configuration":[39],"and":[40,65,96],"advanced":[41],"sleep":[42,109],"mode":[43],"(ASM)":[44],"selection.":[45],"After":[46],"the":[47,50,60,80,107,122],"training":[48],"process,":[49],"proposed":[51,81],"framework":[52],"operates":[53],"fully":[56],"distributed":[57],"manner,":[58],"eliminating":[59],"need":[61],"for":[62],"centralized":[63],"allowing":[66],"AP":[68],"dynamically":[70],"adjust":[71],"real-time":[73],"fluctuations.":[75],"Simulation":[76],"results":[77],"show":[78],"reduces":[83],"power":[84],"consumption":[85],"(PC)":[86],"by":[87,97],"56.23%":[88],"compared":[89,120],"systems":[91],"without":[92],"any":[93],"energy-saving":[94],"scheme":[95],"30.12%":[98],"relative":[99],"non-learning":[102],"mechanism":[103],"only":[105,112],"utilizes":[106],"lightest":[108],"mode,":[110],"with":[111,136],"slight":[114],"increase":[115],"drop":[117,140],"ratio.":[118,141],"Moreover,":[119],"widely":[123],"used":[124],"Q-network":[126],"(DQN)":[127],"algorithm,":[128],"it":[129],"achieves":[130],"similar":[132],"PC":[133],"level":[134],"but":[135],"significantly":[138],"lower":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}
