{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152926146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","title":"CAFP: A Post-Processing Framework for Group Fairness via Counterfactual Model Averaging","display_name":"CAFP: A Post-Processing Framework for Group Fairness via Counterfactual Model Averaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152926146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077946760","display_name":"Irina Ar\u00e9valo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-0208"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ar\u00e9valo, Irina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132755213","display_name":"Marcos Oliva","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliva, Marcos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.904699981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.904699981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.035999998450279236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.954200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds","display_name":"Odds","score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.3416999876499176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.954200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11867375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5430671","display_name":"Fairness measure","level":4,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149316","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141160","display_name":"Parity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.07009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7931709885597229,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"fairness":[1,28],"in":[2,15,60,101],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"predictions":[5,113,140],"is":[6,106],"a":[7,74,121],"critical":[8],"challenge,":[9],"especially":[10],"when":[11],"models":[12],"are":[13],"deployed":[14],"sensitive":[16,104,142],"domains":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"credit":[20],"scoring,":[21],"healthcare,":[22],"and":[23,49,108,116,141,144,167],"criminal":[24],"justice.":[25],"While":[26],"many":[27],"interventions":[29],"rely":[30],"on":[31,132],"data":[32],"preprocessing":[33],"or":[34,87],"algorithmic":[35],"constraints":[36],"during":[37],"training,":[38],"these":[39],"approaches":[40],"often":[41],"require":[42],"full":[43],"control":[44],"over":[45],"the":[46,89,103,111,133,147,152,169,177],"model":[47],"architecture":[48],"access":[50],"to":[51,151],"protected":[52,83,134],"attribute":[53,105],"information,":[54],"which":[55,102],"may":[56],"not":[57],"be":[58],"feasible":[59],"real-world":[61],"systems.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,158],"propose":[67],"Counterfactual":[68],"Averaging":[69],"for":[70],"Fair":[71],"Predictions":[72],"(CAFP),":[73],"model-agnostic":[75],"post-processing":[76],"method":[77],"that":[78,127,161],"mitigates":[79],"unfair":[80],"influence":[81],"from":[82],"attributes":[84],"without":[85],"retraining":[86],"modifying":[88],"original":[90,153],"classifier.":[91],"CAFP":[92,162],"operates":[93],"by":[94,173],"generating":[95],"counterfactual":[96,117,179],"versions":[97],"of":[98,124],"each":[99],"input":[100],"flipped,":[107],"then":[109],"averaging":[110],"model's":[112],"across":[114],"factual":[115],"instances.":[118],"We":[119],"provide":[120],"theoretical":[122],"analysis":[123],"CAFP,":[125],"showing":[126],"it":[128],"eliminates":[129],"direct":[130],"dependence":[131],"attribute,":[135],"reduces":[136,168],"mutual":[137],"information":[138],"between":[139],"attributes,":[143],"provably":[145],"bounds":[146],"distortion":[148],"introduced":[149],"relative":[150],"model.":[154],"Under":[155],"mild":[156],"assumptions,":[157],"further":[159],"show":[160],"achieves":[163],"perfect":[164],"demographic":[165],"parity":[166],"equalized":[170],"odds":[171],"gap":[172],"at":[174],"least":[175],"half":[176],"average":[178],"bias.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}
