{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152387152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","title":"Self-Preference Bias in Rubric-Based Evaluation of Large Language Models","display_name":"Self-Preference Bias in Rubric-Based Evaluation of Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152387152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133291103","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Pombal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pombal, Jos\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039347839","display_name":"Ricardo Rei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8265-1939"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rei, Ricardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133293247","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martins, Andr\u00e9 F. T.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.1152999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.1152999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.08699999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.08079999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.8575000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6446999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrase","display_name":"Paraphrase","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.36230000853538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.8575000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6446999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5964999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992317946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712144","display_name":"De facto","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.410645455121994,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LLM-as-a-judge":[0],"has":[1],"become":[2],"the":[3,51,120,176],"de":[4],"facto":[5],"approach":[6],"for":[7],"evaluating":[8],"LLM":[9],"outputs.":[10],"However,":[11],"judges":[12,65,105,136],"are":[13,97,197],"known":[14],"to":[15,22,109,113,130,163],"exhibit":[16],"self-preference":[17],"bias":[18],"(SPB):":[19],"they":[20],"tend":[21],"favor":[23],"outputs":[24],"produced":[25],"by":[26,29,161],"themselves":[27],"or":[28,78],"models":[30],"from":[31],"their":[32,123],"own":[33],"family.":[34],"This":[35],"skews":[36,158],"evaluations":[37],"and,":[38],"thus,":[39],"hinders":[40],"model":[41,159],"development,":[42],"especially":[43],"in":[44,56,181],"settings":[45],"of":[46,54,74],"recursive":[47],"self-improvement.":[48],"We":[49,125,174],"present":[50],"first":[52],"study":[53],"SPB":[55,91,157,180],"rubric-based":[57],"evaluation,":[58],"an":[59],"increasingly":[60],"popular":[61],"benchmarking":[62],"paradigm":[63],"where":[64,102],"issue":[66],"binary":[67],"verdicts":[68],"on":[69],"individual":[70],"evaluation":[71,95,132],"criteria,":[72],"instead":[73],"assigning":[75],"holistic":[76],"scores":[77,160],"rankings.":[79],"Using":[80],"IFEval,":[81],"a":[82,147,166],"benchmark":[83,150],"with":[84,151],"programmatically":[85],"verifiable":[86],"rubrics,":[87,153,187],"we":[88,154],"show":[89],"that":[90,156,178,185],"persists":[92],"even":[93],"when":[94,119,170],"criteria":[96],"entirely":[98],"objective:":[99],"among":[100],"rubrics":[101],"generators":[103],"fail,":[104],"can":[106],"be":[107],"up":[108,162],"50\\%":[110],"more":[111],"likely":[112],"incorrectly":[114],"mark":[115],"them":[116],"as":[117],"satisfied":[118],"output":[121],"is":[122],"own.":[124],"also":[126],"find":[127],"that,":[128],"similarly":[129],"other":[131],"paradigms,":[133],"ensembling":[134],"multiple":[135],"helps":[137],"mitigate":[138],"SPB,":[139],"but":[140],"without":[141],"fully":[142],"eliminating":[143],"it.":[144],"On":[145],"HealthBench,":[146],"medical":[148],"chat":[149],"subjective":[152,192],"observe":[155],"10":[164],"points,":[165],"potentially":[167],"decisive":[168],"margin":[169],"ranking":[171],"frontier":[172],"models.":[173],"analyze":[175],"factors":[177],"drive":[179],"this":[182],"setting,":[183],"finding":[184],"negative":[186],"extreme":[188],"rubric":[189],"lengths,":[190],"and":[191],"topics":[193],"like":[194],"emergency":[195],"referrals":[196],"particularly":[198],"susceptible.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}
