{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152614565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","title":"Making MLLMs Blind: Adversarial Smuggling Attacks in MLLM Content Moderation","display_name":"Making MLLMs Blind: Adversarial Smuggling Attacks in MLLM Content Moderation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152614565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133310473","display_name":"Zhiheng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhiheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008327536","display_name":"Zongyang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1980-9379"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Zongyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008144161","display_name":"Y. Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Yuntong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133284653","display_name":"Ziqi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ziqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132716894","display_name":"Xiaolei Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lv, Xiaolei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133271672","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083380828","display_name":"Jun Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-9069"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133291784","display_name":"Jianing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jianing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133290360","display_name":"Chunfeng Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Chunfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133242524","display_name":"Bing Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Bing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133244700","display_name":"Weiming Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Weiming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6834999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6834999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.16769999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9564999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7544999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarcity","display_name":"Scarcity","score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3693999946117401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9564999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7544999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6151999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020234875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260632","display_name":"Media content","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6238150596618652,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(MLLMs)":[4],"are":[5,121],"increasingly":[6],"being":[7],"deployed":[8],"as":[9],"automated":[10,56],"content":[11,46],"moderators.":[12],"Within":[13],"this":[14,91,124,190],"landscape,":[15],"we":[16,93,144],"uncover":[17],"a":[18,169],"critical":[19],"threat:":[20],"Adversarial":[21],"Smuggling":[22],"Attacks.":[23],"Unlike":[24],"adversarial":[25,30,36,102,165,184],"perturbations":[26],"(for":[27,32],"misclassification)":[28],"and":[29,58,78,115,142,160,183],"jailbreaks":[31],"harmful":[33,45,63],"output":[34],"generation),":[35],"smuggling":[37,67,103],"exploits":[38],"the":[39,60,96,135,138,149,155,161,176],"Human-AI":[40],"capability":[41],"gap.":[42],"It":[43],"encodes":[44],"into":[47,69],"human-readable":[48],"visual":[49],"formats":[50],"that":[51,110],"remain":[52],"AI-unreadable,":[53],"thereby":[54],"evading":[55],"detection":[57],"enabling":[59],"dissemination":[61],"of":[62,140,152,163,172,178],"content.":[64],"We":[65,167],"classify":[66],"attacks":[68],"two":[70],"pathways:":[71],"(1)":[72],"Perceptual":[73],"Blindness,":[74],"disrupting":[75],"text":[76,87],"recognition;":[77],"(2)":[79],"Reasoning":[80],"Blockade,":[81],"inhibiting":[82],"semantic":[83],"understanding":[84],"despite":[85],"successful":[86],"recognition.":[88],"To":[89],"evaluate":[90],"threat,":[92,125],"constructed":[94],"SmuggleBench,":[95],"first":[97],"comprehensive":[98],"benchmark":[99],"comprising":[100],"1,700":[101],"attack":[104],"instances.":[105],"Evaluations":[106],"on":[107],"SmuggleBench":[108],"reveal":[109],"both":[111],"proprietary":[112],"(e.g.,":[113,117],"GPT-5)":[114],"open-source":[116],"Qwen3-VL)":[118],"state-of-the-art":[119],"models":[120],"vulnerable":[122],"to":[123,188],"producing":[126],"Attack":[127],"Success":[128],"Rates":[129],"(ASR)":[130],"exceeding":[131],"90%.":[132],"By":[133],"analyzing":[134],"vulnerability":[136],"through":[137],"lenses":[139],"perception":[141],"reasoning,":[143],"identify":[145],"three":[146],"root":[147],"causes:":[148],"limited":[150],"capabilities":[151],"vision":[153],"encoders,":[154],"robustness":[156],"gap":[157],"in":[158],"OCR,":[159],"scarcity":[162],"domain-specific":[164],"examples.":[166],"conduct":[168],"preliminary":[170],"exploration":[171],"mitigation":[173],"strategies,":[174],"investigating":[175],"potential":[177],"test-time":[179],"scaling":[180],"(via":[181,186],"CoT)":[182],"training":[185],"SFT)":[187],"mitigate":[189],"threat.":[191],"Our":[192],"code":[193],"is":[194],"publicly":[195],"available":[196],"at":[197],"https://github.com/zhihengli-casia/smugglebench.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}