{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152575258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","title":"Knowledge Markers: An AI-Agnostic Concept for the Design of Programming Courses","display_name":"Knowledge Markers: An AI-Agnostic Concept for the Design of Programming Courses","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152575258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000928707","display_name":"Christina Maria Mayr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-3460"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mayr, Christina Maria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000928707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.748199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.748199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-table","display_name":"Decision table","score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.3260999917984009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7699000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172967692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747762","display_name":"Decision table","level":3,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423378","display_name":"Knowledge level","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32254414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4724364","display_name":"Algorithmic learning theory","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124469403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813993","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56289545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423376","display_name":"Knowledge integration","level":3,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186528591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619544","display_name":"Body of knowledge","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.599473237991333}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"AI":[1,45],"enables":[2],"students":[3],"to":[4,34,64,78],"produce":[5],"plausible":[6],"code":[7,11],"quickly.":[8],"Producing":[9],"working":[10],"is":[12,22,192,205],"therefore":[13],"no":[14],"longer":[15],"a":[16,70,74,100],"reliable":[17],"indicator":[18],"of":[19,44,188],"understanding.":[20],"This":[21,94],"particularly":[23],"problematic":[24],"in":[25,149],"non-computer-science":[26],"programmes,":[27],"where":[28],"time":[29],"constraints":[30],"make":[31,79],"it":[32,85],"hard":[33],"balance":[35],"conceptual":[36],"foundations":[37],"with":[38,160],"sufficient":[39],"application":[40],"practice.":[41],"Empirical":[42],"studies":[43],"tutors,":[46],"educational":[47],"chatbots,":[48],"and":[49,83,90,125,136,157,163,174,194,196],"code-assistance":[50],"systems":[51],"report":[52],"useful":[53],"but":[54],"often":[55],"case-specific":[56],"findings,":[57],"while":[58],"learning":[59,80,92,111,201],"theory":[60],"remains":[61],"too":[62],"abstract":[63],"directly":[65],"guide":[66],"course":[67,106,180],"design.":[68,107],"As":[69],"result,":[71],"instructors":[72],"lack":[73],"simple,":[75],"reusable":[76],"way":[77],"intent":[81],"explicit":[82],"translate":[84],"into":[86],"concrete":[87],"teaching":[88,151],"structures":[89],"student":[91],"behaviour.":[93],"paper":[95,191],"contributes":[96],"knowledge":[97,119,123,131],"markers":[98,109],"as":[99],"lightweight,":[101],"AI-agnostic,":[102],"course-level":[103],"operationalisation":[104],"for":[105],"The":[108,190],"label":[110],"units":[112],"by":[113,171],"their":[114],"primary":[115],"emphasis:":[116],"(A)":[117],"Application":[118],"(implementation),":[120],"(S)":[121],"Structure":[122],"(concepts":[124],"mental":[126],"models),":[127],"or":[128],"(P)":[129],"Procedure":[130],"(systematic":[132],"methods,":[133],"decision":[134],"making,":[135],"verification).":[137],"We":[138,167],"show":[139],"how":[140],"the":[141,169,186],"labels":[142],"can":[143],"be":[144],"embedded":[145],"at":[146],"fine":[147],"granularity":[148],"open":[150],"artifacts":[152],"(interactive":[153],"website,":[154],"PDF":[155],"script,":[156],"notebooks),":[158],"paired":[159],"communication":[161],"elements":[162],"optional":[164],"AI-usage":[165],"guidance.":[166],"demonstrate":[168],"approach":[170],"analysing,":[172],"redesigning,":[173],"descriptively":[175],"evaluating":[176],"an":[177],"introductory":[178],"programming":[179],"using":[181],"marker":[182],"distributions":[183],"derived":[184],"from":[185],"table":[187],"contents.":[189],"design-":[193],"artifact-oriented":[195],"does":[197],"not":[198],"claim":[199],"measured":[200],"gains;":[202],"empirical":[203],"evaluation":[204],"future":[206],"work.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}
