{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152559977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","title":"Blending Human and LLM Expertise to Detect Hallucinations and Omissions in Mental Health Chatbot Responses","display_name":"Blending Human and LLM Expertise to Detect Hallucinations and Omissions in Mental Health Chatbot Responses","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152559977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094077413","display_name":"Khizar Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hussain, Khizar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090647314","display_name":"Bradley Malin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-5175"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malin, Bradley A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079247989","display_name":"Zhijun Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1337"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin, Zhijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133241896","display_name":"Susannah Leigh Rose","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rose, Susannah Leigh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133239446","display_name":"Murat Kantarcioglu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kantarcioglu, Murat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094077413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.8120999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.8120999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.7069000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-domain","display_name":"Public domain","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-domain-criteria","display_name":"Research Domain Criteria","score":0.41280001401901245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.7069000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777343845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16573248","display_name":"Research Domain Criteria","level":3,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4051589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860959","display_name":"Mental image","level":3,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"LLM-powered":[1],"chatbots":[2],"are":[3],"increasingly":[4],"deployed":[5],"in":[6,26,180],"mental":[7,48,116,182],"health":[8,49,117,183],"services,":[9],"detecting":[10],"hallucinations":[11],"and":[12,72,109,119,141,173],"omissions":[13],"has":[14],"become":[15],"critical":[16],"for":[17,148,154],"user":[18],"safety.":[19],"However,":[20],"state-of-the-art":[21],"LLM-as-a-judge":[22],"methods":[23,169],"often":[24],"fail":[25],"high-risk":[27],"healthcare":[28],"contexts,":[29],"where":[30],"subtle":[31],"errors":[32],"can":[33],"have":[34],"serious":[35],"consequences.":[36],"We":[37,60],"show":[38,124],"that":[39,86,125,163],"leading":[40],"LLM":[41,178],"judges":[42],"achieve":[43,134],"only":[44],"52%":[45],"accuracy":[46],"on":[47,113,131,137,144],"counseling":[50],"data,":[51],"with":[52,90,151,167],"some":[53],"hallucination":[54,149],"detection":[55,156],"approaches":[56],"exhibiting":[57],"near-zero":[58],"recall.":[59],"identify":[61],"the":[62],"root":[63],"cause":[64],"as":[65],"LLMs'":[66],"inability":[67],"to":[68,92],"capture":[69],"nuanced":[70],"linguistic":[71,107],"therapeutic":[73],"patterns":[74],"recognized":[75],"by":[76],"domain":[77,165],"experts.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"this,":[81],"we":[82],"propose":[83],"a":[84,114,120,145],"framework":[85],"integrates":[87],"human":[88],"expertise":[89,166],"LLMs":[91],"extract":[93],"interpretable,":[94],"domain-informed":[95],"features":[96,133],"across":[97,157],"five":[98],"analytical":[99],"dimensions:":[100],"logical":[101],"consistency,":[102],"entity":[103],"verification,":[104],"factual":[105],"accuracy,":[106],"uncertainty,":[108],"professional":[110],"appropriateness.":[111],"Experiments":[112],"public":[115,146],"dataset":[118,123,140],"new":[121],"human-annotated":[122],"traditional":[126],"machine":[127],"learning":[128],"models":[129],"trained":[130],"these":[132],"0.717":[135],"F1":[136,143,153],"our":[138],"custom":[139],"0.849":[142],"benchmark":[147],"detection,":[150],"0.59-0.64":[152],"omission":[155],"both":[158],"datasets.":[159],"Our":[160],"results":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"combining":[164],"automated":[168],"yields":[170],"more":[171],"reliable":[172],"transparent":[174],"evaluation":[175],"than":[176],"black-box":[177],"judging":[179],"high-stakes":[181],"applications.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T06:07:51.998497","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}
