{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151234278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","title":"DeonticBench: A Benchmark for Reasoning over Rules","display_name":"DeonticBench: A Benchmark for Reasoning over Rules","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151234278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093946633","display_name":"Guangyao Dou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dou, Guangyao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133092983","display_name":"Luis Brena","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brena, Luis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119914008","display_name":"Akhil Deo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deo, Akhil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077832672","display_name":"William Jurayj","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jurayj, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133094325","display_name":"Jingyu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jingyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017498603","display_name":"Nils Holzenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-1391"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holzenberger, Nils","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133132127","display_name":"Benjamin Van Durme","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Durme, Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093946633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.15029999613761902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.05920000001788139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deontic-logic","display_name":"Deontic logic","score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abductive-reasoning","display_name":"Abductive reasoning","score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeasible-reasoning","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","score":0.352400004863739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7063000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6377922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302542","display_name":"Deontic logic","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166088908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308495","display_name":"Abductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140843580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840067","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193856179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251100","display_name":"Defeasible estate","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43971567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865","display_name":"Logical reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7403456568717957,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reasoning":[0],"with":[1,87,156],"complex,":[2],"context-specific":[3],"rules":[4],"remains":[5],"challenging":[6],"for":[7,129,162,187],"large":[8],"language":[9,85],"models":[10,105],"(LLMs).":[11],"In":[12],"legal":[13],"and":[14,26,68,108,119,135,147,159,198],"policy":[15],"settings,":[16],"this":[17,48],"manifests":[18],"as":[19],"deontic":[20,44],"reasoning:":[21],"reasoning":[22,83,191],"about":[23],"obligations,":[24],"permissions,":[25],"prohibitions":[27],"under":[28,195],"explicit":[29,121],"rules.":[30],"While":[31],"many":[32],"recent":[33],"benchmarks":[34],"emphasize":[35],"short-context":[36],"mathematical":[37],"reasoning,":[38,96],"fewer":[39],"focus":[40],"on":[41,144,150],"long-context,":[42],"high-stakes":[43],"reasoning.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"gap,":[49],"we":[50],"introduce":[51],"DEONTICBENCH,":[52],"a":[53,185],"benchmark":[54,186],"of":[55,90],"6,232":[56],"tasks":[57,74,180],"across":[58],"U.S.":[59,65,69],"federal":[60],"taxes,":[61],"airline":[62],"baggage":[63],"policies,":[64],"immigration":[66],"administration,":[67],"state":[70],"housing":[71],"law.":[72],"These":[73],"can":[75],"be":[76],"approached":[77],"in":[78,84,103,192],"multiple":[79],"ways,":[80],"including":[81],"direct":[82],"or":[86],"the":[88],"aid":[89],"symbolic":[91,163,197],"computation.":[92],"Besides":[93],"free-form":[94],"chain-of-thought":[95],"DEONTICBENCH":[97,183],"enables":[98],"an":[99,120],"optional":[100],"solver-based":[101],"workflow":[102],"which":[104],"translate":[106],"statutes":[107],"case":[109],"facts":[110],"into":[111],"executable":[112],"Prolog,":[113],"leading":[114],"to":[115,177],"formal":[116],"problem":[117],"interpretations":[118],"program":[122,164],"trace.":[123],"We":[124,152],"release":[125],"reference":[126],"Prolog":[127,169],"programs":[128],"all":[130],"instances.":[131],"Across":[132],"frontier":[133],"LLMs":[134],"coding":[136],"models,":[137],"best":[138],"hard-subset":[139],"performance":[140],"reaches":[141],"only":[142],"44.4%":[143],"SARA":[145],"Numeric":[146],"46.6":[148],"macro-F1":[149],"Housing.":[151],"further":[153],"study":[154],"training":[155,167],"supervised":[157],"fine-tuning":[158],"reinforcement":[160],"learning":[161],"generation.":[165],"Although":[166],"improves":[168],"generation":[170],"quality,":[171],"current":[172],"RL":[173],"methods":[174],"still":[175],"fail":[176],"solve":[178],"these":[179],"reliably.":[181],"Overall,":[182],"provides":[184],"studying":[188],"context-grounded":[189],"rule":[190],"real-world":[193],"domains":[194],"both":[196],"non-symbolic":[199],"settings.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-08T06:07:18.267832","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
