{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151628330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","title":"Subspace Control: Turning Constrained Model Steering into Controllable Spectral Optimization","display_name":"Subspace Control: Turning Constrained Model Steering into Controllable Spectral Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151628330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huang, Yancheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Yancheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133131891","display_name":"Changsheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Changsheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133107809","display_name":"Chongyu Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Chongyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111235146","display_name":"Yicheng Lang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lang, Yicheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119170666","display_name":"Bingqi Shang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang, Bingqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133080959","display_name":"Yang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133143297","display_name":"Mingyi Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong, Mingyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133101180","display_name":"Qing Qu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qu, Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133107047","display_name":"Alvaro Velasquez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Velasquez, Alvaro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133106364","display_name":"Sijia Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Sijia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.21170000731945038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.21170000731945038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1324000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.10050000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.6140999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonalization","display_name":"Orthogonalization","score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariant-feature-transform","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3564999997615814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.6140999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702189","display_name":"Orthogonalization","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.04231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7341665625572205,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Foundation":[0],"models,":[1],"such":[2,20,39],"as":[3,21],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs),":[7],"are":[8],"powerful":[9],"but":[10],"often":[11],"require":[12],"customization":[13],"before":[14],"deployment":[15],"to":[16,28,49,137,170],"satisfy":[17],"practical":[18],"constraints":[19],"safety,":[22],"privacy,":[23],"and":[24,35,44,55,88,112,120,165,173,180],"task-specific":[25],"requirements,":[26],"leading":[27],"\"constrained\"":[29],"optimization":[30],"problems":[31,40],"for":[32,69],"model":[33,71,80],"steering":[34],"adaptation.":[36],"However,":[37],"solving":[38],"remains":[41],"largely":[42],"underexplored":[43],"is":[45,188],"particularly":[46],"challenging":[47],"due":[48],"interference":[50,86],"between":[51,109],"the":[52,101,116],"primary":[53],"objective":[54],"constraint":[56],"objectives":[57],"during":[58,140],"optimization.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,110],"paper,":[62],"we":[63,75,105,126],"propose":[64],"a":[65,79,96,107,134],"subspace":[66],"control":[67],"framework":[68],"constrained":[70],"training.":[72],"Specifically,":[73],"(i)":[74],"first":[76],"analyze,":[77],"from":[78],"merging":[81],"perspective,":[82],"how":[83],"spectral":[84,117],"cross-task":[85],"arises":[87],"show":[89],"that":[90,99,145],"it":[91],"can":[92],"be":[93],"resolved":[94],"via":[95],"one-shot":[97],"solution":[98,111],"orthogonalizes":[100],"merged":[102],"subspace;":[103],"(ii)":[104],"establish":[106],"connection":[108],"gradient":[113],"orthogonalization":[114],"in":[115],"optimizer":[118],"Muon;":[119],"(iii)":[121],"building":[122],"on":[123],"these":[124],"insights,":[125],"introduce":[127],"SIFT":[128,151,176],"(spectral":[129],"interference-free":[130],"training),":[131],"which":[132],"leverages":[133],"localization":[135],"scheme":[136],"selectively":[138],"intervene":[139],"optimization,":[141],"enabling":[142],"controllable":[143],"updates":[144],"mitigate":[146],"objective-constraint":[147],"conflicts.":[148],"We":[149],"evaluate":[150],"across":[152,184],"four":[153],"representative":[154],"applications:":[155],"(a)":[156],"machine":[157],"unlearning,":[158],"(b)":[159],"safety":[160],"alignment,":[161],"(c)":[162],"text-to-speech":[163],"adaptation,":[164],"(d)":[166],"hallucination":[167],"mitigation.":[168],"Compared":[169],"both":[171],"control-based":[172],"control-free":[174],"baselines,":[175],"consistently":[177],"achieves":[178],"substantial":[179],"robust":[181],"performance":[182],"improvements":[183],"all":[185],"tasks.":[186],"Code":[187],"available":[189],"at":[190],"https://github.com/OPTML-Group/SIFT.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
