{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151420069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","title":"COBOL-Coder: Domain-Adapted Large Language Models for COBOL Code Generation and Translation","display_name":"COBOL-Coder: Domain-Adapted Large Language Models for COBOL Code Generation and Translation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151420069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083965686","display_name":"Anh T. V. Dau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-0430"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dau, Anh T. V.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133103644","display_name":"Shin Hwei Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan, Shin Hwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133093191","display_name":"Jinqiu Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Jinqiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107222721","display_name":"Nghi D. Q. Bui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-4329"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bui, Nghi D. Q.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133108367","display_name":"Anh Tuan Ho Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Anh Tuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083965686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.26409998536109924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.26409998536109924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.14560000598430634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.06350000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobol","display_name":"COBOL","score":0.994700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ansi-c","display_name":"ANSI C","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.3935000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128595289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131140","display_name":"COBOL","level":2,"score":0.994700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8373000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.703499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158100120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931402","display_name":"ANSI C","level":3,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.40787839889526367,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"COBOL":[0,19,34,58,71,166,175],"remains":[1],"a":[2,64,105,162],"critical":[3],"language":[4,11],"for":[5,33,94,122],"mainframe":[6,36],"systems,":[7],"yet":[8],"existing":[9],"large":[10],"models":[12],"(LLMs)":[13],"struggle":[14],"to":[15,55,104,117,133],"generate":[16],"and":[17,29,35,61,84,86,111,120,182],"translate":[18],"code":[20,80,87,156],"correctly.":[21],"This":[22],"paper":[23],"reports":[24],"our":[25,91,99],"experience":[26],"in":[27,157],"developing":[28],"evaluating":[30],"domain-adapted":[31],"LLMs":[32,146],"software":[37],"engineering.":[38],"We":[39,74],"introduce":[40],"(1)":[41],"an":[42],"automated":[43],"data":[44],"curation":[45],"pipeline":[46],"that":[47,171],"combines":[48],"compiler-guided":[49],"validation":[50],"with":[51,164,186],"multi-stage":[52],"similarity-based":[53],"filtering":[54],"construct":[56],"high-quality":[57],"training":[59],"data,":[60],"(2)":[62],"COBOL-Coder,":[63],"COBOL-specialized":[65],"LLM":[66],"fine-tuned":[67],"on":[68,77,114],"the":[69,152],"curated":[70],"domain":[72],"data.":[73],"evaluate":[75],"COBOL-Coder":[76,101,140,172],"two":[78],"tasks:":[79],"generation":[81],"(on":[82,89],"COBOLEval":[83],"COBOLCodeBench)":[85],"translation":[88],"COBOL-JavaTrans,":[90],"proposed":[92],"benchmark":[93],"bidirectional":[95],"COBOL-Java":[96],"translation).":[97],"In":[98],"experiments,":[100],"achieves":[102],"up":[103],"73.95":[106],"percent":[107,119],"compilation":[108],"success":[109],"rate":[110],"49.33":[112],"Pass-1":[113],"COBOLEval,":[115],"compared":[116],"41.8":[118],"16.4":[121],"GPT-4o,":[123],"while":[124],"most":[125],"open-source":[126],"baselines":[127],"(e.g.,":[128],"CodeGemma,":[129],"CodeLlama,":[130],"StarCoder2)":[131],"fail":[132],"produce":[134],"compilable":[135],"programs.":[136],"For":[137],"Java-to-COBOL":[138],"translation,":[139],"reaches":[141],"34.93":[142],"Pass-1,":[143],"whereas":[144],"general-purpose":[145,190],"achieve":[147],"near-zero":[148],"scores.":[149],"To":[150],"assess":[151],"usability":[153],"of":[154],"LLM-generated":[155],"real-world":[158],"settings,":[159],"we":[160],"conduct":[161],"survey":[163],"experienced":[165],"developers.":[167],"Participants":[168],"consistently":[169],"report":[170],"exhibits":[173],"stronger":[174],"awareness,":[176],"has":[177],"more":[178],"reliable":[179],"program":[180],"structure,":[181],"is":[183],"better":[184],"aligned":[185],"enterprise":[187],"practices":[188],"than":[189],"LLMs.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}