{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151247060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","title":"Safe Decentralized Operation of EV Virtual Power Plant with Limited Network Visibility via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Safe Decentralized Operation of EV Virtual Power Plant with Limited Network Visibility via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151247060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133093073","display_name":"Chenghao Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Chenghao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133112016","display_name":"Jiarong Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Jiarong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133109034","display_name":"Weiqing Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Weiqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133065604","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.8860999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.8860999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.052000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.014600000344216824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.8226000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3702999949455261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.8226000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196226539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940752","display_name":"Voltage regulation","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6637240648269653,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"power":[1,19,28],"systems":[2],"advance":[3],"toward":[4],"net-zero":[5],"targets,":[6],"behind-the-meter":[7],"renewables":[8],"are":[9],"driving":[10],"rapid":[11],"growth":[12],"in":[13,52,110],"distributed":[14],"energy":[15],"resources":[16,25],"(DERs).":[17],"Virtual":[18],"plants":[20],"(VPPs)":[21],"increasingly":[22],"coordinate":[23],"these":[24],"to":[26,44,93,124,148,176],"support":[27],"distribution":[29,74],"network":[30],"(PDN)":[31],"operation,":[32],"with":[33,59,121],"EV":[34],"charging":[35,116,146],"stations":[36],"(EVCSs)":[37],"emerging":[38],"as":[39],"a":[40,80,154],"key":[41],"asset":[42],"due":[43],"their":[45],"strong":[46],"impact":[47],"on":[48,67,135,153],"local":[49],"voltages.":[50],"However,":[51],"practice,":[53],"VPPs":[54],"must":[55],"make":[56],"operational":[57,170],"decisions":[58],"only":[60],"partial":[61],"visibility":[62],"of":[63],"PDN":[64,157],"states,":[65],"relying":[66],"limited,":[68],"aggregated":[69],"information":[70,91],"shared":[71],"by":[72,166,172],"the":[73,160],"system":[75],"operator.":[76],"This":[77],"work":[78],"proposes":[79],"safety-enhanced":[81],"VPP":[82,186],"framework":[83,162],"for":[84,184],"coordinating":[85],"multiple":[86],"EVCSs":[87],"under":[88],"such":[89],"realistic":[90,155],"constraints":[92],"ensure":[94],"voltage":[95,126,164],"security":[96],"while":[97],"maintaining":[98],"economic":[99],"operation.":[100],"We":[101],"develop":[102],"Transformer-assisted":[103],"Lagrangian":[104,122],"Multi-Agent":[105],"Proximal":[106],"Policy":[107],"Optimization":[108],"(TL-MAPPO),":[109],"which":[111],"EVCS":[112,137],"agents":[113],"learn":[114],"decentralized":[115],"policies":[117],"via":[118],"centralized":[119],"training":[120],"regularization":[123],"enforce":[125],"and":[127,145,169],"demand-satisfaction":[128],"constraints.":[129],"A":[130],"transformer-based":[131],"embedding":[132],"layer":[133],"deployed":[134],"each":[136],"agent":[138],"captures":[139],"temporal":[140],"correlations":[141],"among":[142],"prices,":[143],"loads,":[144],"demand":[147],"improve":[149],"decision":[150],"quality.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"33-bus":[156],"show":[158],"that":[159],"proposed":[161],"reduces":[163],"violations":[165],"approximately":[167,173],"45%":[168],"costs":[171],"10%":[174],"compared":[175],"representative":[177],"multi-agent":[178],"DRL":[179],"baselines,":[180],"highlighting":[181],"its":[182],"potential":[183],"practical":[185],"deployment.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
