{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151421395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","title":"Measuring Human Preferences in RLHF is a Social Science Problem","display_name":"Measuring Human Preferences in RLHF is a Social Science Problem","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151421395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133125778","display_name":"Bijean Ghafouri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghafouri, Bijean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133148111","display_name":"Eun Cheol Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choi, Eun Cheol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133133872","display_name":"Priyanka Dey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dey, Priyanka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078699564","display_name":"Emilio Ferrara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-2831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferrara, Emilio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133125778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.16670000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.16670000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.09149999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.758400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-elicitation","display_name":"Preference elicitation","score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioural-sciences","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-behavior","display_name":"Human behavior","score":0.33070001006126404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.758400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.54830002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777868144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239817","display_name":"Preference elicitation","level":3,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52820260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551312","display_name":"Social preferences","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79585631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431498","display_name":"Confirmation bias","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5175638794898987}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"RLHF":[0,114,155],"assumes":[1],"that":[2,17,22,41,73,92,109,180],"annotation":[3],"responses":[4,45],"reflect":[5],"genuine":[6,48,125],"human":[7,111,168],"preferences.":[8],"We":[9,90,120],"argue":[10,91],"this":[11,79],"assumption":[12],"warrants":[13],"systematic":[14],"examination,":[15],"and":[16,29,59,131,164],"behavioral":[18],"science":[19,118],"offers":[20],"frameworks":[21],"bring":[23],"clarity":[24],"to":[25,103],"when":[26,30],"it":[27,31,148,171],"holds":[28],"breaks":[32],"down.":[33],"Behavioral":[34],"scientists":[35],"have":[36],"documented":[37],"for":[38,68,76,138],"sixty":[39],"years":[40],"people":[42],"routinely":[43],"produce":[44],"without":[46],"holding":[47],"opinions,":[49],"construct":[50],"preferences":[51,112,126,184],"on":[52,56],"the":[53,70,93,150,190],"spot":[54],"based":[55],"contextual":[57],"cues,":[58],"interpret":[60],"identical":[61],"questions":[62],"differently.":[63],"These":[64],"phenomena":[65],"are":[66],"pervasive":[67],"precisely":[69],"value-laden":[71],"judgments":[72],"matter":[74],"most":[75],"alignment,":[77],"yet":[78,83],"literature":[80],"has":[81,143],"not":[82],"been":[84],"systematically":[85,159],"integrated":[86],"into":[87],"ML":[88,94],"practice.":[89],"community":[95],"must":[96],"treat":[97],"measurement":[98,132],"validity":[99],"as":[100,162,167],"logically":[101],"prior":[102],"preference":[104],"aggregation.":[105],"Specifically,":[106],"we":[107],"contend":[108],"measuring":[110],"in":[113],"is":[115],"a":[116,122,173],"social":[117],"problem.":[119],"present":[121],"taxonomy":[123],"distinguishing":[124],"from":[127,185],"non-attitudes,":[128],"constructed":[129],"preferences,":[130],"artifacts,":[133],"along":[134],"with":[135],"diagnostic":[136,178],"approaches":[137],"detecting":[139],"each.":[140],"This":[141],"framework":[142],"two":[144],"important":[145],"implications.":[146],"First,":[147],"raises":[149],"question":[151],"of":[152],"whether":[153],"current":[154],"practice":[156],"may":[157],"be":[158],"modeling":[160],"noise":[161],"signal":[163],"elicitation":[165],"artifacts":[166,186],"values.":[169],"Second,":[170],"provides":[172],"path":[174],"forward":[175],"by":[176],"suggesting":[177],"tools":[179],"can":[181],"distinguish":[182],"valid":[183],"before":[187],"they":[188],"enter":[189],"training":[191],"pipeline.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-08T06:07:18.267832","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
