{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151481823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","title":"IC3-Evolve: Proof-/Witness-Gated Offline LLM-Driven Heuristic Evolution for IC3 Hardware Model Checking","display_name":"IC3-Evolve: Proof-/Witness-Gated Offline LLM-Driven Heuristic Evolution for IC3 Hardware Model Checking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151481823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120596912","display_name":"Mingkai Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao, Mingkai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133093795","display_name":"Guangyu Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Guangyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133145372","display_name":"Ziyi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Ziyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133112739","display_name":"Hongce Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Hongce","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.8026000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.8026000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.11879999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.6111999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8070999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.6111999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30888246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4669969","display_name":"Abstraction model checking","level":3,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661193","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","level":3,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4777664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536492","display_name":"Linear temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.03232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6461886763572693,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IC3,":[0],"also":[1],"known":[2],"as":[3,47],"property-directed":[4],"reachability":[5],"(PDR),":[6],"is":[7,58,107,121,142,149],"a":[8,19,25,37,43,61,118,129,150],"commonly-used":[9],"algorithm":[10],"for":[11],"hardware":[12,169],"safety":[13,27],"model":[14,162,170,184],"checking.":[15],"It":[16],"checks":[17],"if":[18],"state":[20],"transition":[21],"system":[22],"complies":[23],"with":[24,36,42,154],"given":[26],"property.":[28],"IC3":[29,57,101],"either":[30],"returns":[31],"UNSAFE":[32,125],"(indicating":[33],"property":[34],"violation)":[35],"counterexample":[38,131],"trace,":[39,132],"or":[40],"SAFE":[41,114],"checkable":[44],"inductive":[45],"invariant":[46],"the":[48,54,140,146,167,177],"proof":[49],"to":[50,77,92,99],"safety.":[51],"In":[52],"practice,":[53],"performance":[55],"of":[56,64],"dominated":[59],"by":[60],"large":[62],"web":[63],"interacting":[65],"heuristics":[66],"and":[67,75,96,124,159,175,182],"implementation":[68],"choices,":[69],"making":[70],"manual":[71],"tuning":[72],"costly,":[73],"brittle,":[74],"hard":[76],"reproduce.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"IC3-Evolve,":[82],"an":[83,90,100],"automated":[84],"offline":[85],"code-evolution":[86],"framework":[87],"that":[88,120,188],"utilizes":[89],"LLM":[91,141],"propose":[93],"small,":[94],"slot-restricted":[95],"auditable":[97],"patches":[98],"implementation.":[102],"Crucially,":[103],"every":[104],"candidate":[105],"patch":[106],"admitted":[108],"only":[109,144],"through":[110],"proof-":[111],"/witness-gated":[112],"validation:":[113],"runs":[115,126],"must":[116,127],"emit":[117,128],"certificate":[119],"independently":[122],"checked,":[123],"replayable":[130],"preventing":[133],"unsound":[134],"edits":[135],"from":[136],"being":[137],"deployed.":[138],"Since":[139],"used":[143],"offline,":[145],"deployed":[147],"artifact":[148],"standalone":[151],"evolved":[152],"checker":[153],"zero":[155],"ML/LLM":[156],"inference":[157],"overhead":[158],"no":[160],"runtime":[161],"dependency.":[163],"We":[164],"evolve":[165],"on":[166,179],"public":[168,181],"checking":[171,185],"competition":[172],"(HWMCC)":[173],"benchmark":[174],"evaluate":[176],"generalizability":[178],"unseen":[180],"industrial":[183],"benchmarks,":[186],"showing":[187],"IC3-Evolve":[189],"can":[190],"reliably":[191],"discover":[192],"practical":[193],"heuristic":[194],"improvements":[195],"under":[196],"strict":[197],"correctness":[198],"gates.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}