{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7150931570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","title":"Sustainability Analysis of Prompt Strategies for SLM-based Automated Test Generation","display_name":"Sustainability Analysis of Prompt Strategies for SLM-based Automated Test Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7150931570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126608818","display_name":"Pragati Kumari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumari, Pragati","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133059040","display_name":"Novarun Deb","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deb, Novarun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8784999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8784999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact-assessment","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","score":0.4083999991416931}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.635200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.49183472990989685,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"growing":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,33,44,74,85,131,155,164,205],"prompt-based":[4],"automation":[5],"in":[6,21,41],"software":[7],"testing":[8,23],"raises":[9],"important":[10],"issues":[11],"regarding":[12],"its":[13],"computational":[14],"and":[15,62,121,145,166,179,189,203],"environmental":[16,199],"sustainability.":[17],"Existing":[18],"sustainability":[19,83,149],"studies":[20],"AI-driven":[22],"primarily":[24],"focus":[25],"on":[26,148],"large":[27],"language":[28],"models,":[29],"leaving":[30],"the":[31,42,72,80,125,132,153],"impact":[32,147],"prompt":[34,54,86,98,140],"engineering":[35,87],"strategies":[36,88,99,141,160,185],"largely":[37],"unexplored":[38],"-":[39],"particularly":[40],"context":[43],"Small":[45],"Language":[46],"Models":[47],"(SLMs).":[48],"This":[49],"gap":[50],"is":[51,69],"critical,":[52],"as":[53,162,187],"design":[55],"directly":[56],"influences":[57],"inference":[58],"behavior,":[59],"execution":[60,113,175],"cost,":[61,200],"resource":[63],"utilization,":[64],"even":[65],"when":[66],"model":[67,156],"size":[68],"fixed.":[70],"To":[71],"best":[73],"our":[75],"knowledge,":[76],"this":[77],"paper":[78],"presents":[79],"first":[81],"systematic":[82],"evaluation":[84,110],"for":[89],"automated":[90],"test":[91,123,134,194],"generation":[92],"using":[93],"SLMs.":[94],"We":[95],"analyze":[96],"seven":[97],"across":[100],"three":[101],"open-source":[102],"SLMs":[103],"under":[104],"a":[105,143],"controlled":[106],"experimental":[107],"setup.":[108],"Our":[109],"jointly":[111],"considers":[112],"time,":[114,176],"token":[115],"usage,":[116],"energy":[117,177],"consumption,":[118,178],"carbon":[119,180],"emissions,":[120],"coverage":[122,129,170,193],"quality,":[124],"latter":[126],"assessed":[127],"through":[128],"analysis":[130],"generated":[133],"scripts.":[135],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139],"have":[142],"substantial":[144],"independent":[146],"outcomes,":[150],"often":[151],"outweighing":[152],"effect":[154],"choice.":[157],"Reasoning":[158],"intensive":[159],"such":[161,186],"Chain":[163],"Thought":[165,206],"Self-Consistency":[167],"achieve":[168],"higher":[169,174],"but":[171],"incur":[172],"significantly":[173],"emissions.":[181],"In":[182],"contrast,":[183],"simpler":[184],"Zero-Shot":[188],"ReAct":[190],"deliver":[191],"competitive":[192],"quality":[195],"with":[196],"markedly":[197],"lower":[198],"while":[201],"Least-to-Most":[202],"Program":[204],"offer":[207],"balanced":[208],"trade-offs.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}
