{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148966721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","title":"Democratizing Foundations of Problem-Solving with AI: A Breadth-First Search Curriculum for Middle School Students","display_name":"Democratizing Foundations of Problem-Solving with AI: A Breadth-First Search Curriculum for Middle School Students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148966721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060430108","display_name":"Griffin Pitts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3111-6118"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pitts, Griffin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132892055","display_name":"Kimia Fazeli","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazeli, Kimia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132886303","display_name":"Tirth Bhatt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhatt, Tirth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062967485","display_name":"Jennifer Albert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-1105"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert, Jennifer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132905667","display_name":"Marnie Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hill, Marnie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132832857","display_name":"Tiffany Barnes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barnes, Tiffany","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132842614","display_name":"Shiyan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Shiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000710051","display_name":"Bita Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-5841"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akram, Bita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.742900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.742900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12978","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methodologies in Social Sciences","score":0.05139999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.03519999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.7627999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-learning","display_name":"Science learning","score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-sciences","display_name":"Learning sciences","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-education","display_name":"Science education","score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"Problem-based learning","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.7627999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984419406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science learning","level":3,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779011557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911265","display_name":"Curriculum development","level":3,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145129785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195145","display_name":"Curriculum theory","level":4,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185020186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370761","display_name":"Emergent curriculum","level":5,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.01396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8393056392669678,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"AI":[1,14,42,62,129,175],"becomes":[2],"more":[3],"common":[4],"in":[5,176],"students'":[6],"everyday":[7],"experiences,":[8],"a":[9,46,76,111],"major":[10],"challenge":[11],"for":[12,78,167],"K-12":[13],"education":[15],"is":[16],"designing":[17],"learning":[18,43,134,158,171],"experiences":[19],"that":[20,40,116,145],"can":[21],"be":[22],"meaningfully":[23],"integrated":[24],"into":[25],"existing":[26],"subject-area":[27],"instruction.":[28,140],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"presents":[31],"the":[32,121,146,151],"design":[33,165],"and":[34,67,81,94,100,105,110,128,131,164],"implementation":[35],"of":[36,126],"an":[37,57,68],"AI4K12-aligned":[38],"curriculum":[39,153,163],"embeds":[41],"goals":[44],"within":[45,137,150],"rural":[47],"middle":[48],"school":[49],"science":[50,89,139,152,157],"classroom":[51],"using":[52],"Breadth-First":[53],"Search":[54],"(BFS)":[55],"as":[56,75],"accessible":[58],"entry":[59],"point":[60],"to":[61,88,170],"problem-solving.":[63],"Through":[64],"unplugged":[65],"activities":[66],"interactive":[69],"simulation":[70],"environment,":[71],"students":[72,117],"learned":[73],"BFS":[74,127],"strategy":[77],"exploring":[79],"networks":[80],"identifying":[82],"shortest":[83],"paths,":[84],"then":[85],"applied":[86],"it":[87],"contexts":[90],"involving":[91],"virus":[92],"spread":[93],"contact":[95],"tracing.":[96],"To":[97],"examine":[98],"engagement":[99],"learning,":[101],"we":[102],"analyzed":[103],"pre-":[104],"post-assessments,":[106],"student":[107],"work":[108],"artifacts,":[109],"teacher":[112],"interview.":[113],"Results":[114],"suggest":[115],"engaged":[118],"productively":[119],"with":[120,162,174],"curriculum,":[122],"improved":[123],"their":[124],"understanding":[125],"problem-solving,":[130],"benefited":[132],"from":[133],"these":[135],"ideas":[136],"ongoing":[138],"Teacher":[141],"feedback":[142],"further":[143],"indicated":[144],"module":[147],"fit":[148],"well":[149],"while":[154],"supporting":[155],"intended":[156],"outcomes.":[159],"We":[160],"conclude":[161],"considerations":[166],"broadening":[168],"access":[169],"about":[172],"problem-solving":[173],"education.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-04T00:00:00"}