{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148465856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.00201","title":"Scalable machine learning-based approaches for energy saving in densely deployed Open RAN","display_name":"Scalable machine learning-based approaches for energy saving in densely deployed Open RAN","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148465856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.00201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:240079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/240079/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/240079/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132820774","display_name":"Xuanyu Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Xuanyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021975473","display_name":"Ahmed Al-Tahmeesschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-5080"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al-Tahmeesschi, Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066079780","display_name":"Swarna Bindu Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-9360"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chetty, Swarna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132792729","display_name":"Cicek Cavdar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cavdar, Cicek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132819131","display_name":"Berk Canberk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Canberk, Berk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132817656","display_name":"Hamed Ahmadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmadi, Hamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132820774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.4875999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.4875999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.15790000557899475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.11240000277757645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.4593000113964081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:240079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/240079/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.00201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.00201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:240079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/240079/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.896283745765686}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Densely":[0],"deployed":[1],"base":[2],"stations":[3],"are":[4,21],"responsible":[5],"for":[6],"the":[7,10,25,33,35,50,57,62,66,97,103,150,153,159,211,217,220],"majority":[8],"of":[9,32,43,54,99,106,152,161,213,219],"energy":[11,39,86,198,205],"consumed":[12],"in":[13,29,69,74,77,96,136],"Radio":[14],"access":[15],"network":[16,36,75,197],"(RAN).":[17],"While":[18],"these":[19],"deployments":[20],"crucial":[22],"to":[23,45,108,190],"deliver":[24],"required":[26],"data":[27],"rate":[28],"busy":[30],"hours":[31],"day,":[34],"can":[37],"save":[38],"by":[40,65],"switching":[41],"some":[42],"them":[44],"sleep":[46],"mode":[47,105],"and":[48,52,141,171,200,215],"maintain":[49],"coverage":[51],"quality":[53,212],"service":[55,214],"with":[56,130],"other":[58],"ones.":[59],"Benefiting":[60],"from":[61,113],"flexibility":[63],"provided":[64],"Open":[67],"RAN":[68,117],"embedding":[70],"machine":[71],"learning":[72],"(ML)":[73],"operations,":[76],"this":[78],"work":[79],"we":[80,90],"propose":[81,91,123],"Deep":[82],"Reinforcement":[83],"Learning":[84],"(DRL)-based":[85],"saving":[87,199],"solutions.":[88],"Firstly":[89],"3":[92],"different":[93],"DRL-based":[94,128],"methods":[95],"form":[98],"xApps":[100],"which":[101],"control":[102],"Active/Sleep":[104],"up":[107,189],"6":[109],"radio":[110],"units":[111],"(RUs)":[112],"Near":[114],"Real":[115,138],"time":[116,139],"Intelligent":[118],"Controller":[119],"(RIC).":[120],"We":[121,156],"also":[122,157],"a":[124,175],"further":[125],"scalable":[126],"federated":[127,163,185],"solution":[129],"an":[131,134],"aggregator":[132],"as":[133,144],"rApp":[135],"None":[137],"RIC":[140],"local":[142],"agents":[143],"xApps.":[145],"Our":[146],"simulation":[147],"results":[148,180],"present":[149],"convergence":[151],"proposed":[154,184],"methods.":[155],"compare":[158],"performance":[160],"our":[162,183],"DRL":[164],"across":[165],"three":[166],"layouts":[167],"spanning":[168],"6--24":[169],"RUs":[170],"500--1000\\,m":[172],"regions,":[173],"including":[174],"composite":[176],"multi-region":[177],"scenario.":[178],"The":[179],"show":[181],"that":[182],"TD3":[186],"algorithm":[187],"achieves":[188],"43.75\\%":[191],"faster":[192],"convergence,":[193],"more":[194],"than":[195],"50\\%":[196],"37.":[201],"4\\%":[202],"lower":[203],"training":[204],"versus":[206],"centralized":[207],"baselines,":[208],"while":[209],"maintaining":[210],"improving":[216],"robustness":[218],"policy.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2026-04-03T00:00:00"}
