{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7146945314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","title":"Machine Learning in the Wild: Early Evidence of Non-Compliant ML-Automation in Open-Source Software","display_name":"Machine Learning in the Wild: Early Evidence of Non-Compliant ML-Automation in Open-Source Software","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7146945314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115553213","display_name":"Zohaib Arshid","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arshid, Zohaib","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099127889","display_name":"Daniele Bifolco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4151-3551"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bifolco, Daniele","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006441254","display_name":"Fiorella Zampetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-8964"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zampetti, Fiorella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132544081","display_name":"Massimiliano Di Penta","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Penta, Massimiliano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.49540001153945923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.49540001153945923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.12319999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5264000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.3041999936103821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5264000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4970113933086395,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,17,38,55,79,107,132],"Machine":[4],"Learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"models,":[7,10],"particularly":[8],"foundation":[9],"enables":[11],"their":[12],"use":[13,54,131],"across":[14],"a":[15,49],"range":[16],"downstream":[18],"applications,":[19],"from":[20],"scenarios":[21],"with":[22,104],"missing":[23],"data":[24],"to":[25,74,89],"safety-critical":[26],"contexts.":[27],"This,":[28],"in":[29,94,129,135],"principle,":[30],"may":[31],"contravene":[32],"not":[33],"only":[34],"the":[35,53,77,91,101,112,130],"models'":[36,102],"terms":[37,106],"use,":[39],"but":[40],"also":[41],"governmental":[42],"principles":[43],"and":[44,82,119],"regulations.":[45],"This":[46,109],"paper":[47],"presents":[48],"preliminary":[50],"investigation":[51],"into":[52],"ML":[56,133],"models":[57,71,134],"by":[58],"173":[59],"open-source":[60],"projects":[61],"on":[62],"GitHub,":[63],"spanning":[64],"16":[65],"application":[66],"domains.":[67],"We":[68],"evaluate":[69],"whether":[70,83],"are":[72,87],"used":[73],"make":[75],"decisions,":[76,81],"scope":[78],"these":[80],"any":[84],"post-processing":[85],"measures":[86],"taken":[88],"reduce":[90],"risks":[92],"inherent":[93],"fully":[95],"autonomous":[96],"systems.":[97,137],"Lastly,":[98],"we":[99],"investigate":[100],"compliance":[103],"established":[105],"use.":[108],"study":[110],"lays":[111],"groundwork":[113],"for":[114,117],"defining":[115],"guidelines":[116],"developers":[118],"creating":[120],"analysis":[121],"tools":[122],"that":[123],"automatically":[124],"identify":[125],"potential":[126],"regulatory":[127],"violations":[128],"software":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}