{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147168873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","title":"Bringing Up a Bilingual BabyLM: Investigating Multilingual Language Acquisition Using Small-Scale Models","display_name":"Bringing Up a Bilingual BabyLM: Investigating Multilingual Language Acquisition Using Small-Scale Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147168873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102646240","display_name":"Linda Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Linda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132719307","display_name":"Steven Y. Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Steven Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132713143","display_name":"Michael C. Frank","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank, Michael C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.5784000158309937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.5784000158309937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.04470000043511391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.04340000078082085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"Multilingualism","score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience-of-multilingualism","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-language","display_name":"First language","score":0.3465999960899353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777065405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25062343","display_name":"Age of Acquisition","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94922259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215","display_name":"Constructed language","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.29552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8663549423217773,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilingualism":[0],"is":[1,51],"incredibly":[2],"common":[3],"around":[4],"the":[5,153],"world,":[6],"leading":[7],"to":[8,29,39,54,64,116,142],"many":[9],"important":[10],"theoretical":[11],"and":[12,36,67,92,97,103,112,123,130,136,172],"practical":[13],"questions":[14],"about":[15],"how":[16],"children":[17,59],"learn":[18],"multiple":[19],"languages":[20],"at":[21],"once.":[22],"For":[23],"example,":[24],"does":[25],"multilingual":[26,41,66],"acquisition":[27],"lead":[28],"delays":[30],"in":[31,145,152],"learning?":[32],"Are":[33],"there":[34,162],"better":[35],"worse":[37],"ways":[38],"structure":[40],"input?":[42],"Many":[43],"correlational":[44],"studies":[45],"address":[46],"these":[47],"questions,":[48],"but":[49,148],"it":[50],"surprisingly":[52],"difficult":[53],"get":[55],"definitive":[56],"answers":[57],"because":[58],"cannot":[60],"be":[61,65],"randomly":[62],"assigned":[63],"data":[68,102,114],"are":[69,163],"typically":[70],"not":[71],"matched":[72,94],"between":[73,167],"languages.":[74],"We":[75,106],"use":[76],"language":[77,155],"model":[78,134],"training":[79],"as":[80,156],"a":[81,85,118],"method":[82],"for":[83,180],"simulating":[84],"variety":[86],"of":[87,120],"highly":[88],"controlled":[89],"exposure":[90,121,170],"conditions,":[91],"create":[93],"100M-word":[95],"mono-":[96],"bilingual":[98,113,138,169,174],"datasets":[99],"using":[100],"synthetic":[101],"machine":[104],"translation.":[105],"train":[107],"GPT-2":[108],"models":[109,139,144],"on":[110,127],"monolingual":[111,143],"organized":[115],"reflect":[117],"range":[119],"regimes,":[122,171],"evaluate":[124],"their":[125],"performance":[126,151],"perplexity,":[128],"grammaticality,":[129],"semantic":[131],"knowledge.":[132],"Across":[133],"scales":[135],"measures,":[137],"perform":[140],"similarly":[141],"one":[146],"language,":[147],"show":[149],"strong":[150,165],"second":[154],"well.":[157],"These":[158],"results":[159],"suggest":[160],"that":[161,173],"no":[164,177],"differences":[166],"different":[168],"input":[175],"poses":[176],"in-principle":[178],"challenges":[179],"agnostic":[181],"statistical":[182],"learners.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}