{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147335603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","title":"EffiSkill: Agent Skill Based Automated Code Efficiency Optimization","display_name":"EffiSkill: Agent Skill Based Automated Code Efficiency Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147335603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132700088","display_name":"Zimu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zimu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132676223","display_name":"Yuling Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Yuling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132559756","display_name":"Mengfan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Mengfan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132654770","display_name":"Zijun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Zijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132697332","display_name":"Jie M. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jie M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132694892","display_name":"Chengcheng Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan, Chengcheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132593450","display_name":"Xiaodong Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Xiaodong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.46630001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.46630001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.050200000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.6718999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-reuse","display_name":"Code reuse","score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-optimization","display_name":"Program optimization","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7343000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.6718999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248437","display_name":"Program transformation","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139143892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7441615","display_name":"Search-based software engineering","level":5,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.746905505657196}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"efficiency":[1],"is":[2,72],"a":[3,55,62,94,111,170,186],"fundamental":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6],"software":[7],"quality,":[8],"yet":[9],"how":[10],"to":[11,17,73,109,119,153],"harness":[12],"large":[13],"language":[14,160],"models":[15],"(LLMs)":[16],"optimize":[18],"programs":[19,121],"remains":[20],"challenging.":[21],"Prior":[22],"approaches":[23],"have":[24],"sought":[25],"for":[26,57,66,173,189],"one-shot":[27],"rewriting,":[28],"retrieved":[29],"exemplars,":[30],"or":[31],"prompt-based":[32],"search,":[33],"but":[34],"they":[35],"do":[36],"not":[37],"explicitly":[38],"distill":[39],"reusable":[40,79,187],"optimization":[41,59,64,90,143],"knowledge,":[42],"which":[43],"limits":[44],"generalization":[45],"beyond":[46],"individual":[47],"instances.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,117],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"present":[53],"EffiSkill,":[54],"framework":[56],"code-efficiency":[58],"that":[60,82,139,165,178],"builds":[61],"portable":[63],"toolbox":[65],"LLM-based":[67],"agents.":[68],"The":[69],"key":[70],"idea":[71],"model":[74,158],"recurring":[75],"slow-to-fast":[76],"transformations":[77],"as":[78,185],"agent":[80,191],"skills":[81],"capture":[83],"both":[84],"concrete":[85],"transformation":[86],"mechanisms":[87],"and":[88,101,129,159,177],"higher-level":[89],"strategies.":[91],"EffiSkill":[92,140],"adopts":[93],"two-stage":[95],"design:":[96],"Stage":[97,114],"I":[98],"mines":[99],"Operator":[100],"Meta":[102],"Skills":[103],"from":[104],"large-scale":[105],"slow/fast":[106],"program":[107],"pairs":[108],"build":[110],"skill":[112,125,167,181],"library;":[113],"II":[115],"applies":[116],"library":[118,182],"unseen":[120],"through":[122],"execution-free":[123,174],"diagnosis,":[124],"retrieval,":[126],"plan":[127],"composition,":[128],"candidate":[130],"generation,":[131],"without":[132],"runtime":[133],"feedback.":[134],"Results":[135],"on":[136],"EffiBench-X":[137],"show":[138],"achieves":[141],"higher":[142],"success":[144],"rates,":[145],"improving":[146],"over":[147],"the":[148,179],"strongest":[149],"baseline":[150],"by":[151],"3.69":[152],"12.52":[154],"percentage":[155],"points":[156],"across":[157],"settings.":[161],"These":[162],"findings":[163],"suggest":[164],"mechanism-level":[166],"reuse":[168],"provides":[169],"useful":[171],"foundation":[172],"code":[175],"optimization,":[176],"resulting":[180],"can":[183],"serve":[184],"resource":[188],"broader":[190],"workflows.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}