{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7141256605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","title":"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses","display_name":"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7141256605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037406020","display_name":"Linyue Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-1724"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Linyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101257950","display_name":"Lexiao Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Lexiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130767650","display_name":"Shuo Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Shuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113047851","display_name":"Jingchen Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni, Jingchen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130770242","display_name":"Hai-Tao Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Hai-Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037406020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.12610000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.12610000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.049800001084804535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.04520000144839287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.3296999931335449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.25723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6521933078765869,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agent":[0,65],"performance":[1],"is":[2,24],"strongly":[3],"shaped":[4],"by":[5],"the":[6,9,46],"surrounding":[7],"harness:":[8],"external":[10],"execution":[11],"system":[12],"around":[13,144],"a":[14,18,80],"model":[15],"that":[16,70,83,126,135],"organizes":[17],"task":[19,108],"run.":[20],"Yet":[21],"this":[22],"logic":[23],"usually":[25],"buried":[26],"in":[27],"tightly":[28],"coupled":[29],"controller":[30],"code,":[31],"which":[32],"makes":[33],"harnesses":[34,137],"hard":[35],"to":[36,110],"inspect,":[37],"compare,":[38],"transfer,":[39],"and":[40,75,95,101,112],"ablate.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"asks":[44],"whether":[45],"reusable":[47],"design":[48],"pattern":[49],"of":[50],"an":[51,58],"agent":[52,88,136],"harness":[53,73,120,128],"can":[54,138],"be":[55,139],"represented":[56],"as":[57],"executable":[59],"natural-language":[60],"object.":[61],"We":[62],"introduce":[63],"Natural-Language":[64],"Harnesses":[66],"(NLAHs),":[67],"editable":[68],"documents":[69,86],"describe":[71],"run-level":[72],"policy,":[74],"Intelligent":[76],"Harness":[77],"Runtime":[78],"(IHR),":[79],"shared":[81],"runtime":[82],"interprets":[84],"these":[85],"into":[87,146],"calls,":[89],"handoffs,":[90],"state":[91],"updates,":[92],"validation":[93],"gates,":[94],"artifact":[96],"contracts.":[97],"Across":[98],"coding,":[99],"terminal-use,":[100],"computer-use":[102],"benchmarks,":[103],"IHR-executed":[104],"NLAHs":[105],"achieve":[106],"comparable":[107],"outcomes":[109],"code":[111],"prompted":[113],"realizations,":[114],"while":[115],"exposing":[116],"much":[117],"shorter":[118],"static":[119],"policies.":[121],"Module":[122],"ablations":[123],"further":[124],"show":[125],"explicit":[127],"modules":[129],"are":[130],"analyzable.":[131],"These":[132],"results":[133],"suggest":[134],"turned":[140],"from":[141],"incidental":[142],"glue":[143],"models":[145],"scientific":[147],"representation":[148],"objects.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T06:11:20.791850","created_date":"2026-03-28T00:00:00"}
