{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140987332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","title":"Gaze patterns predict preference and confidence in pairwise AI image evaluation","display_name":"Gaze patterns predict preference and confidence in pairwise AI image evaluation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140987332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064948651","display_name":"Nikolas Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7584-6009"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Papadopoulos, Nikolas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102688690","display_name":"Shreenithi Navaneethan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navaneethan, Shreenithi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130781567","display_name":"Sheng Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130794172","display_name":"Ankur Samanta","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samanta, Ankur","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130755207","display_name":"Paul Sajda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajda, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.1282999962568283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.12530000507831573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.8395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.642799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-learning","display_name":"Preference learning","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dwell-time","display_name":"Dwell time","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.362199991941452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.8395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.642799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181204326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239820","display_name":"Preference learning","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151637689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318064","display_name":"Dwell time","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777868144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239817","display_name":"Preference elicitation","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.24849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5266696810722351,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Preference":[0,13],"learning":[1],"methods,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4],"Reinforcement":[5],"Learning":[6],"from":[7,101],"Human":[8],"Feedback":[9],"(RLHF)":[10],"and":[11,95,124],"Direct":[12],"Optimization":[14],"(DPO),":[15],"rely":[16],"on":[17],"pairwise":[18,41,127],"human":[19],"judgments,":[20],"yet":[21],"little":[22],"is":[23],"known":[24],"about":[25],"the":[26,57,71,138],"cognitive":[27],"processes":[28],"underlying":[29],"these":[30],"judgments.":[31],"We":[32,55],"investigate":[33],"whether":[34],"eye-tracking":[35,132],"can":[36],"reveal":[37],"preference":[38,141],"formation":[39],"during":[40],"AI-generated":[42],"image":[43,111,128],"evaluation.":[44],"Thirty":[45],"participants":[46],"completed":[47],"1,800":[48],"trials":[49,108],"while":[50],"their":[51],"gaze":[52,58,62,119],"was":[53],"recorded.":[54],"replicated":[56],"cascade":[59],"effect,":[60],"with":[61,87,106],"shifting":[63],"toward":[64],"chosen":[65,88],"images":[66,89],"approximately":[67],"one":[68],"second":[69],"before":[70],"decision.":[72],"Cascade":[73],"dynamics":[74],"were":[75],"consistent":[76],"across":[77],"confidence":[78,125],"levels.":[79],"Gaze":[80,97],"features":[81],"predicted":[82],"binary":[83],"choice":[84,123],"(68%":[85],"accuracy),":[86,105],"receiving":[90],"more":[91,110],"dwell":[92],"time,":[93],"fixations,":[94],"revisits.":[96],"transitions":[98],"distinguished":[99],"high-confidence":[100],"uncertain":[102],"decisions":[103],"(66%":[104],"low-confidence":[107],"showing":[109],"switches":[112],"per":[113],"second.":[114],"These":[115],"results":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118,131],"patterns":[120],"predict":[121],"both":[122],"in":[126],"evaluations,":[129],"suggesting":[130],"provides":[133],"implicit":[134],"signals":[135],"relevant":[136],"to":[137],"quality":[139],"of":[140],"annotations.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-28T00:00:00"}