{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140549785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","title":"VOLMO: Versatile and Open Large Models for Ophthalmology","display_name":"VOLMO: Versatile and Open Large Models for Ophthalmology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140549785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130719356","display_name":"Zhenyue Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Zhenyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066463757","display_name":"Younjoon Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung, Younjoon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130682228","display_name":"Elijah Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Elijah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130668120","display_name":"Wanyue Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Wanyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130690852","display_name":"Xuguang Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ai, Xuguang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130645846","display_name":"Serina Applebaum","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Applebaum, Serina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130679252","display_name":"Minjie Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Minjie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130703197","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089109384","display_name":"Pan Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130634819","display_name":"Mac Singer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singer, Mac","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086459685","display_name":"Amisha Dave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-8309"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave, Amisha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019426692","display_name":"Aidan Gilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-4705"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilson, Aidan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036302697","display_name":"Tiarn\u00e1n D L Keenan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2253-1772"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keenan, Tiarnan D. L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130710375","display_name":"Emily Y. Chew","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chew, Emily Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130659380","display_name":"Zhiyong Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Zhiyong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130640259","display_name":"Yih-Chung Tham","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tham, Yih-Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067288250","display_name":"Ron A. Adelman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4049-3551"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adelman, Ron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113429312","display_name":"Luciano V. Del Priore","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Del Priore, Luciano V.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130680948","display_name":"Qingyu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Qingyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":19,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130719356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.46160000562667847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.46160000562667847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.06679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.051600001752376556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-degeneration","display_name":"Macular degeneration","score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.34040001034736633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992234860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Eye care","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166704113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861092","display_name":"Image registration","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.492735892534256}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"impairment":[1],"affects":[2],"millions":[3],"globally,":[4],"and":[5,26,33,38,51,58,69,114,117,129,141,152,164,167,178,189,212],"early":[6],"detection":[7],"is":[8,36],"critical":[9],"to":[10,19,29],"preventing":[11],"irreversible":[12],"vision":[13],"loss.":[14],"Ophthalmology":[15],"workflows":[16],"require":[17],"clinicians":[18],"integrate":[20],"medical":[21,52],"images,":[22],"structured":[23],"clinical":[24,119],"data,":[25],"free-text":[27],"notes":[28],"determine":[30],"disease":[31,112,162],"severity":[32,115],"management,":[34],"which":[35],"time-consuming":[37],"burdensome.":[39],"Recent":[40],"multimodal":[41],"large":[42],"language":[43],"models":[44,157],"(MLLMs)":[45],"show":[46],"promise,":[47],"but":[48],"existing":[49],"general":[50],"MLLMs":[53,61],"perform":[54],"poorly":[55],"in":[56,215],"ophthalmology,":[57],"few":[59],"ophthalmology-specific":[60,81],"are":[62],"openly":[63],"available.":[64],"We":[65,154],"present":[66],"VOLMO":[67,83],"(Versatile":[68],"Open":[70],"Large":[71],"Models":[72],"for":[73,79,111,126,185],"Ophthalmology),":[74],"a":[75,137],"model-agnostic,":[76],"data-open":[77],"framework":[78],"developing":[80],"MLLMs.":[82],"includes":[84],"three":[85,182],"stages:":[86],"ophthalmology":[87],"knowledge":[88],"pretraining":[89],"on":[90,103,121,158,181],"86,965":[91],"image-text":[92],"pairs":[93],"from":[94],"26,569":[95],"articles":[96],"across":[97,208],"82":[98],"journals;":[99],"domain":[100],"task":[101],"fine-tuning":[102],"26,929":[104],"annotated":[105],"instances":[106],"spanning":[107],"12":[108,209],"eye":[109,210],"conditions":[110],"screening":[113,163],"classification;":[116],"multi-step":[118],"reasoning":[120],"913":[122],"patient":[123],"case":[124],"reports":[125],"assessment,":[127],"planning,":[128],"follow-up":[130],"care.":[131],"Using":[132],"this":[133],"framework,":[134],"we":[135],"trained":[136],"compact":[138],"2B-parameter":[139],"MLLM":[140],"compared":[142],"it":[143],"with":[144,170],"strong":[145],"baselines,":[146,197],"including":[147],"InternVL-2B,":[148],"LLaVA-Med-7B,":[149],"MedGemma-4B,":[150],"MedGemma-27B,":[151],"RETFound.":[153],"evaluated":[155],"these":[156],"image":[159,200],"description":[160,201],"generation,":[161,169],"staging":[165],"classification,":[166],"assessment-and-management":[168],"additional":[171],"manual":[172],"review":[173],"by":[174],"two":[175],"healthcare":[176],"professionals":[177],"external":[179,216],"validation":[180],"independent":[183],"cohorts":[184],"age-related":[186],"macular":[187],"degeneration":[188],"diabetic":[190],"retinopathy.":[191],"Across":[192],"settings,":[193],"VOLMO-2B":[194],"consistently":[195],"outperformed":[196],"achieving":[198],"stronger":[199],"performance,":[202],"an":[203],"average":[204],"F1":[205],"of":[206],"87.4%":[207],"conditions,":[211],"higher":[213],"scores":[214],"validation.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T08:30:34.212998","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}