{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140600199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","title":"IslamicMMLU: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Islamic Knowledge","display_name":"IslamicMMLU: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Islamic Knowledge","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140600199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130693649","display_name":"Ali Abdelaal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelaal, Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130632998","display_name":"Mohammed Nader Al Haffar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haffar, Mohammed Nader Al","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078375492","display_name":"Mahmoud Fawzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8239-3333"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fawzi, Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070783596","display_name":"Walid Magdy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-1338"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdy, Walid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.2304999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.2304999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.21449999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8946999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islam","display_name":"Islam","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.4553000032901764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8946999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85940911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484181","display_name":"Fiqh","level":4,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7709653973579407}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,130],"are":[3,147],"increasingly":[4],"consulted":[5],"for":[6,72],"Islamic":[7,18,60],"knowledge,":[8],"yet":[9],"no":[10],"comprehensive":[11],"benchmark":[12,24,63],"evaluates":[13],"their":[14,82],"performance":[15],"across":[16,85,127],"core":[17],"disciplines.":[19],"We":[20],"introduce":[21],"IslamicMMLU,":[22],"a":[23,113],"of":[25,47,50,59,118],"10,013":[26],"multiple-choice":[27],"questions":[28,51],"spanning":[29],"three":[30,87],"tracks:":[31],"Quran":[32,99],"(2,013":[33],"questions),":[34,37],"Hadith":[35],"(4,000":[36],"and":[38,75,145],"Fiqh":[39,110],"(jurisprudence,":[40],"4,000":[41],"questions).":[42],"Each":[43],"track":[44,100,111],"is":[45,64],"formed":[46],"multiple":[48],"types":[49],"to":[52,66,92,106,139],"examine":[53],"LLMs":[54],"capabilities":[55],"handling":[56],"different":[57],"aspects":[58],"knowledge.":[61],"The":[62,98,142],"used":[65],"create":[67],"the":[68,86,102,109],"IslamicMMLU":[69],"public":[70],"leaderboard":[71,146],"evaluating":[73],"LLMs,":[74,80],"we":[76],"initially":[77],"evaluate":[78],"26":[79],"where":[81],"averaged":[83],"accuracy":[84],"tracks":[88],"varied":[89],"between":[90],"39.8%":[91],"93.8%":[93],"(by":[94],"Gemini":[95],"3":[96],"Flash).":[97],"shows":[101],"widest":[103],"span":[104],"(99.3%":[105],"32.4%),":[107],"while":[108],"includes":[112],"novel":[114],"madhab":[115],"(Islamic":[116],"school":[117],"jurisprudence)":[119],"bias":[120],"detection":[121],"task":[122],"revealing":[123],"variable":[124],"school-of-thought":[125],"preferences":[126],"models.":[128,141],"Arabic-specific":[129],"show":[131],"mixed":[132],"results,":[133],"but":[134],"they":[135],"all":[136],"underperform":[137],"compared":[138],"frontier":[140],"evaluation":[143],"code":[144],"made":[148],"publicly":[149],"available.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}
