{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140693032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","title":"LLMORPH: Automated Metamorphic Testing of Large Language Models","display_name":"LLMORPH: Automated Metamorphic Testing of Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140693032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124146024","display_name":"Steven Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cho, Steven","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011541744","display_name":"Stefano Ruberto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-2782"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruberto, Stefano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130642965","display_name":"Valerio Terragni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terragni, Valerio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124146024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.290800005197525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.290800005197525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.19789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7821999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6223999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3366999924182892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7843000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7821999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6223999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169168650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675637","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","level":5,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182122060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6752328","display_name":"Manual testing","level":5,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146789","display_name":"Random testing","level":4,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019060180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automated method","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"testing":[1,34,141],"is":[2,85],"essential":[3],"for":[4,21,38],"evaluating":[5],"and":[6,89,109,126,147],"improving":[7],"the":[8,16,78,95,106],"reliability":[9],"of":[10,18,72,80,97,112,128],"Large":[11],"Language":[12],"Models":[13],"(LLMs),":[14],"yet":[15],"lack":[17],"automated":[19,33],"oracles":[20],"verifying":[22],"output":[23],"correctness":[24],"remains":[25],"a":[26],"key":[27],"challenge.":[28],"We":[29],"present":[30],"LLMORPH,":[31,113],"an":[32],"tool":[35],"specifically":[36],"designed":[37],"LLMs":[39],"performing":[40],"NLP":[41,99,124,139],"tasks,":[42],"which":[43],"leverages":[44],"Metamorphic":[45,59],"Testing":[46],"(MT)":[47],"to":[48,62,93,121],"uncover":[49],"faulty":[50],"behaviors":[51],"without":[52,77],"relying":[53],"on":[54],"human-labeled":[55],"data.":[56,83],"MT":[57],"uses":[58],"Relations":[60],"(MRs)":[61],"generate":[63],"follow-up":[64],"inputs":[65],"from":[66],"source":[67],"test":[68,154],"input,":[69],"enabling":[70],"detection":[71],"inconsistencies":[73],"in":[74,160],"model":[75],"outputs":[76],"need":[79],"expensive":[81],"labelled":[82],"LLMORPH":[84],"aimed":[86],"at":[87],"researchers":[88],"developers":[90],"who":[91],"want":[92],"evaluate":[94],"robustness":[96],"LLM-based":[98],"systems.":[100],"In":[101,130],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,133],"detail":[105],"design,":[107],"implementation,":[108],"practical":[110],"usage":[111],"demonstrating":[114],"how":[115],"it":[116],"can":[117],"be":[118],"easily":[119],"extended":[120],"any":[122],"LLM,":[123],"task,":[125],"set":[127],"MRs.":[129],"our":[131],"evaluation,":[132],"applied":[134],"36":[135],"MRs":[136],"across":[137],"four":[138],"benchmarks,":[140],"three":[142],"state-of-the-art":[143],"LLMs:":[144],"GPT-4,":[145],"LLAMA3,":[146],"HERMES":[148],"2.":[149],"This":[150],"produced":[151],"over":[152],"561,000":[153],"executions.":[155],"Results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"LLMORPH's":[158],"effectiveness":[159],"automatically":[161],"exposing":[162],"inconsistencies.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T06:05:27.210665","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}