{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140313187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","title":"Evaluating LLM-Based Test Generation Under Software Evolution","display_name":"Evaluating LLM-Based Test Generation Under Software Evolution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140313187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093759737","display_name":"Sabaat Haroon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4655-6912"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haroon, Sabaat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130603340","display_name":"Mohammad Taha Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan, Mohammad Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003747461","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Gulzar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-8662"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulzar, Muhammad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093759737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8403000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8403000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6407999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.23443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6190792322158813}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2,218],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7],"automated":[8,82],"unit":[9],"test":[10,75,122,216,245],"generation.":[11],"However,":[12,128],"it":[13],"remains":[14],"unclear":[15],"whether":[16],"these":[17],"tests":[18,38,55,59,89,142,158,222],"reflect":[19],"genuine":[20],"reasoning":[21],"about":[22],"program":[23,78,104,163],"behavior":[24,175],"or":[25],"simply":[26],"reproduce":[27],"superficial":[28],"patterns":[29],"learned":[30],"during":[31],"training.":[32],"If":[33],"the":[34,125,136,161,166,173],"latter":[35],"dominates,":[36],"LLM-generated":[37],"may":[39],"exhibit":[40],"weaknesses":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,131,258],"reduced":[44],"coverage,":[45],"missed":[46],"regressions,":[47],"and":[48,56,95,102,115,146,195,252],"undetected":[49],"faults.":[50],"Understanding":[51],"how":[52,57,87],"LLMs":[53,101,106],"generate":[54,219],"those":[58],"respond":[60],"to":[61,91,144,150,179,193,198,212,230,254],"code":[62],"evolution":[63],"is":[64],"therefore":[65],"essential.":[66],"We":[67],"present":[68],"a":[69],"large-scale":[70],"empirical":[71],"study":[72],"of":[73,139,155],"LLM-based":[74,244],"generation":[76,246],"under":[77,185],"changes.":[79],"Using":[80],"an":[81],"mutation-driven":[83],"framework,":[84],"we":[85],"analyze":[86],"generated":[88,141,215],"react":[90],"semantic-altering":[92],"changes":[93,97,232],"(SAC)":[94],"semantic-preserving":[96],"(SPC)":[98],"across":[99],"eight":[100],"22,374":[103],"variants.":[105],"achieve":[107],"strong":[108],"baseline":[109,226],"results,":[110],"reaching":[111],"79%":[112,194],"line":[113],"coverage":[114,118,148,197],"76%":[116],"branch":[117,147,196],"with":[119,172],"fully":[120],"passing":[121],"suites":[123],"on":[124,160,249],"original":[126,162,174],"programs.":[127],"performance":[129],"degrades":[130],"programs":[132,259],"evolve.":[133,260],"Under":[134],"SACs,":[135],"pass":[137,159,190],"rate":[138],"newly":[140],"drops":[143],"66%,":[145],"declines":[149,184],"60%.":[151],"More":[152],"than":[153,177,234],"99%":[154],"failing":[156],"SAC":[157],"while":[164,223],"executing":[165],"modified":[167],"region,":[168],"indicating":[169],"residual":[170],"alignment":[171],"rather":[176,233],"adaptation":[178],"updated":[180],"semantics.":[181],"Performance":[182],"also":[183],"SPCs":[186],"despite":[187],"unchanged":[188],"functionality:":[189],"rates":[191],"fall":[192],"69%.":[199],"Although":[200],"SPC":[201],"edits":[202],"preserve":[203],"semantics,":[204],"they":[205],"often":[206],"introduce":[207],"larger":[208],"syntactic":[209],"changes,":[210],"leading":[211],"instability":[213],"in":[214],"suites.":[217],"more":[220],"new":[221],"discarding":[224],"many":[225],"tests,":[227],"suggesting":[228],"sensitivity":[229],"lexical":[231],"true":[235],"semantic":[236],"impact.":[237],"Overall,":[238],"our":[239],"results":[240],"indicate":[241],"that":[242],"current":[243],"relies":[247],"heavily":[248],"surface-level":[250],"cues":[251],"struggles":[253],"maintain":[255],"regression":[256],"awareness":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}