{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140275116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","title":"Chain-of-Authorization: Embedding authorization into large language models","display_name":"Chain-of-Authorization: Embedding authorization into large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140275116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130617110","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100315247","display_name":"Yule Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4921-4610"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yule","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130602662","display_name":"Xinlei He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Xinlei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130578536","display_name":"Youjian Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Youjian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130553266","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130561628","display_name":"Ke Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.19480000436306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.19480000436306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.15790000557899475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.09520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorization","display_name":"Authorization","score":0.36059999465942383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6334999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108759981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788590","display_name":"Authorization","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193856179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251100","display_name":"Defeasible estate","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4939214587211609,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"evolved":[6],"from":[7,31,45],"text":[8],"generators":[9],"into":[10,152],"the":[11,52,63,81,86,97,153,167],"cognitive":[12,76,168],"core":[13],"of":[14,21,56,138,170],"modern":[15,171],"AI":[16,58,172],"systems,":[17],"their":[18],"inherent":[19],"lack":[20],"authorization":[22,103,150],"awareness":[23],"exposes":[24],"these":[25],"systems":[26],"to":[27,35,99,118],"catastrophic":[28],"risks,":[29],"ranging":[30],"unintentional":[32],"data":[33,90],"leakage":[34],"unauthorized":[36,139],"command":[37],"execution.":[38],"Existing":[39],"defense":[40,143],"mechanisms":[41],"are":[42],"fundamentally":[43],"decoupled":[44],"internal":[46],"reasoning,":[47],"rendering":[48],"them":[49],"insufficient":[50],"for":[51,109,162],"complex":[53,92],"security":[54],"demands":[55],"dynamic":[57,123],"systems.":[59,173],"Here,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"Chain-of-Authorization":[64],"(CoA)":[65],"framework,":[66],"a":[67,74,101,106,158],"paradigm":[68],"that":[69],"internalizes":[70],"access":[71,120],"control":[72],"as":[73,105,166],"foundational":[75],"capability.":[77],"By":[78,148],"systematically":[79],"redesigning":[80],"input-output":[82],"format":[83],"and":[84,141],"fine-tuning":[85],"model":[87,98],"on":[88],"synthesized":[89],"with":[91],"permission":[93],"topologies,":[94],"CoA":[95,126,156],"forces":[96],"generate":[100],"structured":[102],"trajectory":[104],"causal":[107],"prerequisite":[108],"any":[110],"substantive":[111],"response":[112],"or":[113],"action,":[114],"thereby":[115],"enabling":[116],"LLMs":[117,165],"internalize":[119],"boundaries":[121],"within":[122],"reasoning":[124,154],"environments.":[125],"maintains":[127],"high":[128,135],"utility":[129],"in":[130],"authorized":[131],"scenarios":[132],"while":[133],"achieving":[134],"rejection":[136],"rates":[137],"prompts":[140],"robust":[142],"against":[144],"diverse":[145],"adversarial":[146],"attacks.":[147],"embedding":[149],"directly":[151],"process,":[155],"provides":[157],"principled":[159],"architectural":[160],"blueprint":[161],"deploying":[163],"secure":[164],"cores":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}