{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140281243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","title":"Exponential Separation of Quantum and Classical One-Way Numbers-on-Forehead Communication","display_name":"Exponential Separation of Quantum and Classical One-Way Numbers-on-Forehead Communication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140281243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075702353","display_name":"Guangxu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-9593"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Guangxu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130541835","display_name":"Jiapeng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jiapeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075702353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.6129000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.6129000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.1915999948978424,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.09839999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-complexity","display_name":"Communication complexity","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-science","display_name":"Quantum information science","score":0.3930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6171000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179145077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154130","display_name":"Communication complexity","level":2,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43682372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269080","display_name":"Quantum operation","level":4,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3716254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83966","display_name":"Communication theory","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28427503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13580300","display_name":"Internal model","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11255438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269085","display_name":"Quantum process","level":4,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.25060001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.22795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numbers-on-Forehead":[0],"(NOF)":[1],"communication":[2,9,59,69,117,170],"model":[3,7,17],"is":[4,18,85],"a":[5,12,126,178],"central":[6],"in":[8,36,43,56,66,119,151],"complexity.":[10],"As":[11],"restricted":[13],"variant,":[14],"one-way":[15,24,57,67,96,120,153,163,182],"NOF":[16,25,58,68,97,121,154],"of":[19,74,129,134,180],"particular":[20],"interest.":[21],"Establishing":[22],"strong":[23,53],"lower":[26,31,54],"bounds":[27,55],"would":[28],"imply":[29],"circuit":[30],"bounds,":[32],"resolve":[33,103],"well-known":[34],"problems":[35],"additive":[37],"combinatorics,":[38],"and":[39,48,81,94,115,137,141,190],"yield":[40],"wide-ranging":[41],"applications":[42],"areas":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46],"cryptography":[47],"distributed":[49],"computing.":[50],"However,":[51],"proving":[52],"remains":[60],"highly":[61],"challenging;":[62],"many":[63],"fundamental":[64,76],"questions":[65],"remain":[70],"wide":[71],"open.":[72],"One":[73],"the":[75,109,130,152,185],"questions,":[77],"proposed":[78],"by":[79,107],"Gavinsky":[80],"Pudl\u00e1k":[82],"(CCC":[83],"2008),":[84],"to":[86,177],"establish":[87],"an":[88,146],"explicit":[89],"exponential":[90,111],"separation":[91,112,174],"between":[92,113],"quantum":[93,114,149],"classical":[95],"communication.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100,104,167],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,124,158],"open":[105],"problem":[106,133,168],"establishing":[108],"first":[110,186],"randomized":[116,164],"complexity":[118],"model.":[122],"Specifically,":[123],"define":[125],"lifted":[127],"variant":[128],"Hidden":[131],"Matching":[132],"Bar-Yossef,":[135],"Jayram,":[136],"Kerenidis":[138],"(STOC":[139],"2004)":[140],"show":[142],"that":[143,160],"it":[144],"admits":[145],"($O(\\log":[147],"n)$)-cost":[148],"protocol":[150,165],"setting.":[155],"By":[156],"contrast,":[157],"prove":[159],"any":[161],"$k$-party":[162],"for":[166],"requires":[169],"$\u03a9(\\frac{n^{1/3}}{2^{k/3}})$.":[171],"Notably,":[172],"our":[173],"applies":[175],"even":[176],"generalization":[179],"$k$-player":[181],"communication,":[183],"where":[184],"player":[187],"speaks":[188],"once,":[189],"all":[191],"other":[192],"$k-1$":[193],"players":[194],"can":[195],"communicate":[196],"freely.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T06:10:45.909354","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}
