{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140212852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","title":"Hardware Trojans from Invisible Inversions: On the Trojanizability of Standard Cell Libraries","display_name":"Hardware Trojans from Invisible Inversions: On the Trojanizability of Standard Cell Libraries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140212852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dorschel, Kolja","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorschel, Kolja","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Walendy, Ren\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walendy, Ren\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pl\u00e4tz, Lukas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pl\u00e4tz, Lukas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Moos, Thorben","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moos, Thorben","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paar, Christof","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paar, Christof","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Becker, Steffen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Becker, Steffen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.7132999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42579999566078186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.7132999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6123999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81843906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173156","display_name":"Digital electronics","level":3,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78401558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464496","display_name":"Standard cell","level":3,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"S&P":[1,126],"2023,":[2],"Puschner":[3,42,138],"et":[4,43,139],"al.":[5,44],"made":[6],"a":[7,19,115,143,207,211],"valuable":[8],"dataset":[9,128],"for":[10,232],"hardware":[11,107,203],"Trojan":[12,52],"detection":[13,53],"research":[14],"publicly":[15],"available.":[16],"It":[17],"contains":[18],"complete":[20],"set":[21],"of":[22,28,114,164],"Scanning":[23],"Electron":[24],"Microscope":[25],"(SEM)":[26],"images":[27],"four":[29],"different":[30],"digital":[31],"Integrated":[32],"Circuits":[33],"(ICs)":[34],"fabricated":[35],"at":[36],"progressively":[37],"smaller":[38],"semiconductor":[39],"technology":[40,100],"nodes.":[41],"reported":[45],"preliminary":[46],"evidence":[47],"that":[48,183,222],"feature":[49],"sizes":[50],"affect":[51],"performance,":[54],"but":[55],"they":[56],"were":[57],"unable":[58],"to":[59,74,86,105,129,148,155,199],"disentangle":[60],"effects":[61],"caused":[62],"by":[63,67],"insertion":[64],"strategies":[65],"or":[66,102],"degrading":[68],"image":[69],"quality":[70],"from":[71],"those":[72,81],"intrinsic":[73],"the":[75,98,125,161,173],"underlying":[76],"standard":[77,165],"cell":[78,116,166,223],"libraries.":[79,167,175],"Distinguishing":[80],"causes,":[82],"however,":[83],"is":[84,109,145],"crucial":[85],"understand":[87],"whether":[88,103],"improved":[89],"tooling":[90],"(e.g.,":[91],"higher":[92],"resolution":[93],"imaging":[94],"equipment)":[95],"can":[96,225],"remove":[97],"observed":[99],"bias,":[101],"susceptibility":[104,163],"stealthy":[106],"Trojans":[108,204],"indeed":[110,146],"an":[111,215],"inherent":[112],"property":[113,198],"library.":[117],"In":[118],"this":[119,197],"work,":[120],"we":[121,180,237],"dive":[122],"deep":[123],"into":[124],"2023":[127],"answer":[130],"these":[131],"questions.":[132],"We":[133,150,168,195],"first":[134],"show":[135],"that,":[136],"using":[137],"al.'s":[140],"metrics,":[141],"such":[142],"separation":[144],"difficult":[147],"establish.":[149],"then":[151],"devise":[152],"alternative":[153],"metrics":[154],"more":[156],"meaningfully":[157],"assess":[158],"and":[159,205,227,236],"compare":[160],"potential":[162,234],"find":[169],"clear":[170],"differences":[171],"between":[172],"evaluated":[174,231],"However,":[176],"in":[177,192,214],"all":[178],"cases":[179],"identify":[181],"cells":[182],"implement":[184],"distinct":[185],"logic":[186],"functions":[187],"yet":[188],"are":[189],"visually":[190],"indistinguishable":[191],"SEM":[193],"images.":[194],"exploit":[196],"construct":[200],"stealthy,":[201],"standard-cell-based":[202],"present":[206],"concrete":[208],"case":[209],"study:":[210],"privilege-escalation":[212],"backdoor":[213],"Ibex":[216],"RISC-V":[217],"core.":[218],"Our":[219],"results":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"libraries":[224],"-":[226,229],"should":[228],"be":[230],"their":[233],"\"Trojanizability\",":[235],"recommend":[238],"practical":[239],"defenses.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}