{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140180460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","title":"CVT-Bench: Counterfactual Viewpoint Transformations Reveal Unstable Spatial Representations in Multimodal LLMs","display_name":"CVT-Bench: Counterfactual Viewpoint Transformations Reveal Unstable Spatial Representations in Multimodal LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140180460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vellamcheti, Shanmukha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vellamcheti, Shanmukha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kothapalli, Uday Kiran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kothapalli, Uday Kiran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bhowmick, Disharee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhowmick, Disharee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aakur, Sathyanarayanan N.","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aakur, Sathyanarayanan N.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8723000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.320499986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8723000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27511587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2178623","display_name":"Spatial relation","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74039378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240997","display_name":"Presentational and representational acting","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137105694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3407510","display_name":"Local consistency","level":4,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.21114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"(MLLMs)":[4],"achieve":[5],"strong":[6],"performance":[7],"on":[8],"single-view":[9,69,119],"spatial":[10,21,120,127,139],"reasoning":[11],"tasks,":[12],"yet":[13],"it":[14],"remains":[15],"unclear":[16],"whether":[17],"they":[18],"maintain":[19],"stable":[20],"state":[22],"representations":[23,128],"under":[24,38,76],"counterfactual":[25,77,138],"viewpoint":[26,56,78],"changes.":[27],"We":[28,92],"introduce":[29],"a":[30,134],"controlled":[31],"diagnostic":[32],"benchmark":[33],"that":[34,109,118,130],"evaluates":[35],"relational":[36,52,62,90],"consistency":[37,85],"hypothetical":[39],"camera":[40],"orbit":[41],"transformations":[42],"without":[43],"re-rendering":[44],"images.":[45],"Across":[46],"100":[47],"synthetic":[48],"scenes":[49],"and":[50,61,86,103,107,129],"6,000":[51],"queries,":[53],"we":[54],"measure":[55],"consistency,":[57],"360\u00b0":[58],"cycle":[59,84],"agreement,":[60],"stability":[63],"over":[64],"sequential":[65],"transformations.":[66],"Despite":[67],"high":[68],"accuracy,":[70],"state-of-the-art":[71],"MLLMs":[72],"exhibit":[73],"systematic":[74],"degradation":[75],"changes,":[79],"with":[80],"frequent":[81],"violations":[82],"of":[83,125],"rapid":[87],"decay":[88],"in":[89,137],"stability.":[91,114],"further":[93],"evaluate":[94],"multiple":[95],"input":[96],"representations,":[97],"visual":[98],"input,":[99],"textual":[100],"bounding":[101],"boxes,":[102],"structured":[104],"scene":[105],"graphs,":[106],"show":[108],"increasing":[110],"representational":[111],"structure":[112,132],"improves":[113],"Our":[115],"results":[116],"suggest":[117],"accuracy":[121],"overestimates":[122],"the":[123],"robustness":[124],"induced":[126],"representation":[131],"plays":[133],"critical":[135],"role":[136],"reasoning.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}
