{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140196742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","title":"Profit is the Red Team: Stress-Testing Agents in Strategic Economic Interactions","display_name":"Profit is the Red Team: Stress-Testing Agents in Strategic Economic Interactions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140196742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang, Shouqiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Shouqiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Politi, Marcello","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Politi, Marcello","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marro, Samuele","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marro, Samuele","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Crapis, Davide","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Crapis, Davide","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.14409999549388885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.14409999549388885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8177000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.730400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.5716999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negotiation","display_name":"Negotiation","score":0.35830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8177000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.730400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5716999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189560676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187906","display_name":"Profit margin","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123650614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282491","display_name":"Strategic dominance","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"agentic":[1],"systems":[2],"move":[3],"into":[4,156],"real-world":[5],"deployments,":[6],"their":[7],"decisions":[8],"increasingly":[9],"depend":[10],"on":[11],"external":[12],"inputs":[13,28],"such":[14],"as":[15],"retrieved":[16],"content,":[17],"tool":[18],"outputs,":[19],"and":[20,93,138,145,170],"information":[21],"provided":[22],"by":[23,33],"other":[24],"actors.":[25],"When":[26],"these":[27],"can":[29,182],"be":[30],"strategically":[31],"shaped":[32],"adversaries,":[34],"the":[35,139,161],"relevant":[36],"security":[37],"risk":[38],"extends":[39],"beyond":[40],"a":[41,61,69,106,116,184],"fixed":[42],"library":[43],"of":[44,109],"prompt":[45,158],"attacks":[46,67],"to":[47,73,187],"adaptive":[48,120],"strategies":[49],"that":[50,64,126,178],"steer":[51],"agents":[52,125],"toward":[53],"unfavorable":[54],"outcomes.":[55,101,196],"We":[56,102,151],"propose":[57],"profit-driven":[58,179],"red":[59],"teaming,":[60],"stress-testing":[62],"protocol":[63,83],"replaces":[65],"handcrafted":[66],"with":[68,99,194],"learned":[70,140],"opponent":[71,141],"trained":[72],"maximize":[74],"its":[75],"profit":[76],"using":[77],"only":[78],"scalar":[79],"outcome":[80],"feedback.":[81],"The":[82],"requires":[84],"no":[85],"LLM-as-judge":[86],"scoring,":[87],"attack":[88,91],"labels,":[89],"or":[90],"taxonomy,":[92],"is":[94],"designed":[95],"for":[96,119,160],"structured":[97,191],"settings":[98,193],"auditable":[100,195],"instantiate":[103],"it":[104],"in":[105,190],"lean":[107],"arena":[108],"four":[110],"canonical":[111],"economic":[112],"interactions,":[113],"which":[114,163],"provide":[115,183],"controlled":[117,123],"testbed":[118],"exploitability.":[121],"In":[122],"experiments,":[124],"appear":[127],"strong":[128],"against":[129],"static":[130],"baselines":[131],"become":[132],"consistently":[133],"exploitable":[134],"under":[135],"profit-optimized":[136],"pressure,":[137],"discovers":[142],"probing,":[143],"anchoring,":[144],"deceptive":[146],"commitments":[147],"without":[148],"explicit":[149],"instruction.":[150],"then":[152],"distill":[153],"exploit":[154],"episodes":[155],"concise":[157],"rules":[159],"agent,":[162],"make":[164],"most":[165],"previously":[166],"observed":[167],"failures":[168],"ineffective":[169],"substantially":[171],"improve":[172],"target":[173],"performance.":[174],"These":[175],"results":[176],"suggest":[177],"red-team":[180],"data":[181],"practical":[185],"route":[186],"improving":[188],"robustness":[189],"agent":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}