{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140133220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","title":"Beyond Accuracy: Towards a Robust Evaluation Methodology for AI Systems for Language Education","display_name":"Beyond Accuracy: Towards a Robust Evaluation Methodology for AI Systems for Language Education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140133220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Edgell, James","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edgell, James","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002762172","display_name":"Wm. Matthew Kennedy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kennedy, Wm. Matthew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130389168","display_name":"Isaac Pattis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pattis, Isaac","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130352907","display_name":"Ben Knight","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Knight, Ben","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130365927","display_name":"Danielle Carvalho","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carvalho, Danielle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035781319","display_name":"Elizabeth Wonnacott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-7131"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonnacott, Elizabeth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.13269999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.13269999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.10769999772310257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.09549999982118607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-evaluation","display_name":"Program evaluation","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-proficiency","display_name":"Language proficiency","score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-assessment","display_name":"Educational assessment","score":0.3495999872684479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188231857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585724","display_name":"Educational assessment","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123960582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196","display_name":"Language education","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166007726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4536542","display_name":"Language assessment","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018395757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379672","display_name":"Evaluation methods","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8339348435401917}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,26,47,118,134,146,158,218],"large":[4],"language":[5,9,24,53],"models":[6],"in":[7,23,51,57,65,83],"AI-powered":[8],"education":[10,55,69,97],"has":[11],"created":[12],"an":[13,115,143],"urgent":[14],"need":[15],"for":[16,68,181,221],"evaluations":[17,46,210,220],"that":[18],"assess":[19,92],"pedagogical":[20,102],"effectiveness,":[21],"particularly":[22],"learning--one":[25],"the":[27,58,132,178,194],"most":[28],"common":[29],"LLM":[30],"use":[31],"cases":[32],"(Tamkin":[33],"et":[34,38],"al.":[35,39],"2024,":[36],"Costa-Gomes":[37],"2025).":[40],"With":[41],"only":[42,201],"narrowly":[43],"defined":[44],"task-specific":[45],"AI":[48,67,93,105,209,222],"system":[49],"capabilities":[50,94],"second":[52],"(L2)":[54],"existing":[56],"literature,":[59],"we":[60,75,189],"require":[61],"more":[62,207],"holistic":[63],"approaches":[64],"this":[66,73,198],"space.":[70],"To":[71],"address":[72],"gap,":[74],"introduce":[76],"L2-Bench,":[77],"a":[78,84,110,135,206],"novel":[79],"evaluation":[80,106],"benchmark":[81],"grounded":[82],"validated":[85,151],"\"language":[86],"learning":[87],"experience":[88],"designer\"":[89],"construct":[90],"to":[91,113,193,225],"across":[95],"L2":[96],"contexts.":[98,227],"Our":[99],"methodology":[100],"integrates":[101],"theory,":[103],"sociotechnical":[104],"methods,":[107],"and":[108,127,191],"operationalizes":[109],"hierarchical":[111],"taxonomy":[112],"structure":[114],"expert-curated":[116],"dataset":[117,148],"over":[119],"1,000":[120],"authentic":[121,153],"rubric-scored":[122],"task-response":[123],"pairs":[124],"with":[125,168],"measurement":[126],"scoring":[128],"pipeline.":[129],"We":[130],"report":[131],"results":[133],"pilot":[136],"validation":[137,186],"exercise":[138],"(N":[139],"=":[140,155,166],"39)":[141],"on":[142],"initial":[144],"sample":[145],"our":[147,182],"(tasks":[149],"were":[150,163],"as":[152,188],"[M":[154,165],"4.23":[156],"out":[157],"5],":[159],"but":[160,212],"criteria":[161],"scores":[162],"lower":[164],"3.94],":[167],"universally":[169],"poor":[170],"inter-annotator":[171],"agreement":[172],"despite":[173],"good":[174],"internal":[175],"consistency),":[176],"alongside":[177],"experimental":[179],"design":[180,217],"follow-up":[183],"practitioner":[184],"data":[185],"study":[187],"iterate":[190],"scale":[192],"full":[195],"dataset.":[196],"Ultimately,":[197],"research":[199],"not":[200],"offers":[202],"methodological":[203],"lessons":[204],"towards":[205,215],"context-specific":[208],"ecosystem,":[211],"also":[213],"works":[214],"better":[216],"reproducible":[219],"systems":[223],"deployed":[224],"educational":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}
